Menstrual migraine is a particular form of migraine with a significant impact on the quality of life for women afflicted. Presently, no study has reported the quality of life in menstrual migraine ...patients. This work aims to assess the health-related quality of life and identify its associated factors among Chinese menstrual migraine patients.
The cross-sectional study group consisted of 109 patients with menstrual migraine, and the control group consisted of 397 female patients with non-menstrual migraine. In total, 506 patients completed questionnaires for demographic and clinical information, the Self-rating Idea of Suicide Scale, the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, the Headache Impact Test-6, the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Health-related quality of life was measured using the 36-Item Short Form Survey.
Compared with non-menstrual migraine patients, five dimensions of health-related quality of life were all found to be significantly impaired in menstrual migraine patients. Headache frequency (ß = - 0.218, P = 0.014), the impact of headache on daily life (ß = - 0.270, P = 0.002), depression symptoms (ß = - 0.345, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with physical component summary, depression symptoms (ß = - 0.379, P < 0.001), social support (ß = 0.270, P < 0.001), suicidal ideation (ß = - 0.344, P < 0.001) were closely related to mental component summary.
Menstrual migraine patients had a significantly poorer health-related quality of life in many domains than non-menstrual migraine patients. Headache frequency, the impact of headache on daily life, depression symptoms, social support, and suicidal ideation were significantly associated with health-related quality of life in menstrual migraine patients.
ChiCTR1800014343. This study was registered prospectively on 7 January 2018 at Chinese Clinical Trial registry. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=24526.
Membrane technology, a successful technology for separating gases such as CO2/CH4 mixture, has attracted much attention because of its low energy consumption, and membrane performance is an important ...factor affecting its industrial application. Herein, the solvent-induced microstructure of a polyimide membrane was employed to enhance its CO2/CH4 separation performance. The effect of solvents on the membrane structure and gas separation performance was investigated by using different solvents (such as tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylacetamide) to dissolve a newly synthesized polyimide polymer, which was fabricated into a membrane. Various characterization methods, such as positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALs) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), were conducted to reveal changes in the microstructure of membranes prepared with different solvents. The interaction of solvents with groups of polymer backbones was also analyzed for the explanation of the effect of solvents on the membrane performance for the separation of different gas pairs, such as CO2/CH4 mixture. The results showed that a membrane with optimal separation performance was obtained by optimizing the solvent composition, which exceeded the 2018 mixed-gas CO2/CH4 upper bound. The induced effect of solvents on the polymer membrane structure provides a new research path for the optimization of polymer membranes to enhance separation performance.
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•Polyimide membrane structure can be tuned by solvents with different properties.•Interaction between the solvent and groups in the polyimide affects membrane structure.•Membrane performance surpassed the 2018 mixed-gas upper bound of CO2/CH4.
•An IBM-DNS framework coupling Dirac delta function and ghost cell method is proposed for fluid-particle heat transfer.•A specific ghost-cell method for heat transfer from axial-symmetry particles is ...proposed.•Particle shape effect on Nusselt number is described more comprehensively.•Correlations are proposed for Nusselt number of prolates and oblates.
The heat transfer in fluid flow through static assemblies of randomly distributed spheroids, including spheres, prolates, and oblates, is investigated using direct numerical simulation (DNS). Constant heat fluxes are imposed at individual particle surface by the Neumann boundary condition for temperature. The superficial Reynolds number (Re) and the solid volume fraction (φ) range from 2.5 to 200, and from 0.1 to 0.3, respectively. The simulation results for spheres and prolates agree well with the DNS data and correlations in literature and new correlations for prolates and oblates are proposed. With these results, the particle shape effect on the average Nusselt number (Nuavg) is described more comprehensively: At low φ (e.g., 0.1), the Nuavg for prolates and oblates are higher than that of spheres, and as Re increases, the Nuavg of oblates gradually catches up that of prolates and becomes comparable at Re≈200. Moreover, oblates attenuate and intensify the heat transfer at low and high Re at high φ, respectively.
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•Membrane technology was used for the treatment of bioethanol fermentation tail gas.•Four new azo-linked polymers (ALPs) were synthesized.•ALPs-filled polydimethylsiloxane ...mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) were fabricated.•A selectivity of 15.8 and ethanol permeability of 30,074 Barrer was observed.•Both ethanol and CO2 follow solution and diffusion mechanism in the MMMs membrane.
Bioethanol has received widespread attention as an alternative to conventional fossil fuels. However, bioethanol fermentation produces tail gas containing an ethanol/CO2 gas mixture, which must be efficiently separated to recover ethanol and reduce the greenhouse effect. In this study, we propose using vapor permeation membrane technology to separate ethanol from CO2. Four azo-linked polymers (ALPs) were successfully synthesized and characterized, which were mixed with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to fabricate mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs). The performances of different ALP/PDMS MMMs were characterized and compared in the separation of 0.2 wt% ethanol/CO2 modeling fermentation tail gas. ALP-1(synthesized by tetramethylbenzidine)/PDMS MMMs exhibited the highest selectivity and high ethanol permeability, and characterizations such as Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction were thus conducted for ALP-1/PDMS MMMs with different ALP contents. Results showed that ALP-1/PDMS MMMs with 1 wt% ALP-1 content possessed selectivity and permeability of 15.8 and 30,074 Barrer, which are 98% and 40% higher than pure PDMS, respectively. The effects of operation parameters, such as feed concentration, temperature, permeate pressure, and stability, on the performance of ALP-1/PDMS MMMs were also studied. This study provides a new method for the efficient treatment of fermentation tail gas that has excellent industrial prospects.
Here, a facial and scalable method for efficient exfoliation of bulk transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) and graphite in aqueous solution with ...poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) to prepare single‐ and few‐layer nanosheets is demonstrated. Importantly, these TMD nanosheets retain the single crystalline characteristic, which is essential for application in organic solar cells (OSCs). The hybrid PEDOT:PSS/WS2 ink prepared by a simple centrifugation is directly integrated as a hole extraction layer for high‐performance OSCs. Compared with PEDOT:PSS, the PEDOT:PSS/WS2‐based devices provide a remarkable power conversion efficiency due to the “island” morphology and benzoid–quinoid transition. This study not only demonstrates a novel method for preparing single‐ and few‐layer TMD and graphene nanosheets but also paves a way for their applications without further complicated processing.
A novel PEDOT:PSS/2D nanosheets ink as hole extraction layer is used to fabricate high‐performance organic solar cells. 2D nanosheets with single‐ and few‐layer structure exist stably in the ink because of PEDOT:PSS exfoliation and functionalization. The enhanced power conversion efficiency arises from the “island” morphology and benzoid–quinoid transition upon addition of 2D nanosheets.
Hypertension is a leading cause of premature death in China, but limited evidence is available on the prevalence and management of hypertension and its effect on mortality from cardiovascular disease ...(CVD).
To examine the prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and control of hypertension and to assess the CVD mortality attributable to hypertension in China.
This prospective cohort study (China Kadoorie Biobank Study) recruited 500 223 adults, aged 35 to 74 years, from the general population in China. Blood pressure (BP) measurements were recorded as part of the baseline survey from June 25, 2004, to August 5, 2009, and 7028 deaths due to CVD were recorded before January 1, 2014 (mean duration of follow-up: 7.2 years). Data were analyzed from June 9, 2014, to July 17, 2015.
Prevalence and diagnosis of hypertension (systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, or receiving treatment for hypertension) and treatment and control rates overall and in various population subgroups.
Cox regression analysis yielded age- and sex-specific rate ratios for deaths due to CVD comparing participants with and without uncontrolled hypertension, which were used to estimate the number of CVD deaths attributable to hypertension.
The cohort included 205 167 men (41.0%) and 295 056 women (59.0%) with a mean (SD) age of 52 (10) years for both sexes. Overall, 32.5% of participants had hypertension; the prevalence increased with age (from 12.6% at 35-39 years of age to 58.4% at 70-74 years of age) and varied substantially by region (range, 22.7%-40.7%). Of those with hypertension, 30.5% had received a diagnosis from a physician; of those with a diagnosis of hypertension, 46.4% were being treated; and of those treated, 29.6% had their hypertension controlled (ie, systolic BP <140 mm Hg; diastolic BP <90 mm Hg), resulting in an overall control rate of 4.2%. Even among patients with hypertension and prior CVD, only 13.0% had their hypertension controlled. Uncontrolled hypertension was associated with relative risks for CVD mortality of 4.1 (95% CI, 3.7-4.6), 2.6 (95% CI, 2.4-2.9) and 1.9 (95% CI, 1.8-2.0) at ages 35 to 59, 60 to 69, and 70 to 79 years, respectively, and accounted for about one-third of deaths due to CVD (approximately 750 000) at 35 to 79 years of age in 2010.
About one-third of Chinese adults in this national cohort population had hypertension. The levels of diagnosis, treatment, and control were much lower than in Western populations, and were associated with significant excess mortality.
Abstract Background Adherence to a combination of healthy lifestyle factors has been related to a considerable reduction of cardiovascular risk in white populations; however, little is known whether ...such associations persist in nonwhite populations like the Asian population. Objectives This study aimed to examine the associations of a combination of modifiable, healthy lifestyle factors with the risks of ischemic cardiovascular diseases and estimate the proportion of diseases that could potentially be prevented by adherence to these healthy lifestyle patterns. Methods This study examined the associations of 6 lifestyle factors with ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke (IS) in the China Kadoorie Biobank of 461,211 participants 30 to 79 years of age who did not have cardiovascular diseases, cancer, or diabetes at baseline. Low-risk lifestyle factors were defined as nonsmoking status or having stopped smoking for reasons other than illness, alcohol consumption of <30 g/day, a median or higher level of physical activity, a diet rich in vegetables and fruits and limited in red meat, a body mass index of 18.5 to 23.9 kg/m2 , and a waist-to-hip ratio <0.90 for men and <0.85 for women. Results During a median of 7.2 years (3.3 million person-years) of follow-up, this study documented 3,331 incident major coronary events (MCE) and 19,348 incident ISs. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, current nonsmoking status, light to moderate alcohol consumption, high physical activity, a diet rich in vegetables and fruits and limited in red meat, and low adiposity were independently associated with reduced risks of MCE and IS. Compared with participants without any low-risk factors, the hazard ratio for participants with ≥4 low-risk factors was 0.42 (95% confidence interval: 0.34 to 0.52) for MCE and 0.61 (95% confidence interval: 0.56 to 0.66) for IS. Approximately 67.9% (95% confidence interval: 46.5% to 81.9%) of the MCE and 39.1% (95% confidence interval: 26.4% to 50.4%) of the IS cases were attributable to poor adherence to healthy lifestyle. Conclusions Adherence to healthy lifestyle may substantially lower the burden of cardiovascular diseases in Chinese.
Blood pressure is a major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and both may increase as outdoor temperatures fall. However, there are still limited data about seasonal variation in blood pressure ...and CVD mortality among patients with prior-CVD.
We analysed data on 23 000 individuals with prior-CVD who were recruited from 10 diverse regions into the China Kadoorie Biobank during 2004-8. After 7 years of follow-up, 1484 CVD deaths were recorded. Baseline survey data were used to assess seasonal variation in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and its association with outdoor temperature. Cox regression was used to examine the association of usual SBP with subsequent CVD mortality, and seasonal variation in CVD mortality was assessed by Poisson regression. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and region.
Mean SBP was significantly higher in winter than in summer (145 vs. 136 mmHg, P < 0.001), especially among those without central heating. Above 5°C, each 10°C lower outdoor temperature was associated with 6.2 mmHg higher SBP. Systolic blood pressure predicted subsequent CVD mortality, with each 10 mmHg higher usual SBP associated with 21% (95% confidence interval: 16-27%) increased risk. Cardiovascular disease mortality varied by season, with 41% (21-63%) higher risk in winter compared with summer.
Among adult Chinese with prior-CVD, there is both increased blood pressure and CVD mortality in winter. Careful monitoring and more aggressive blood pressure lowering treatment in the cold months are needed to help reduce the winter excess CVD mortality in high-risk individuals.
Mean blood pressure varies moderately with outdoor air temperature in many western populations. Substantial uncertainty exists, however, about the strength of the relationship in other populations ...and its relevance to age, adiposity, medical treatment, climate and housing conditions.
To investigate the relationship of blood pressure with season and outdoor temperature, we analysed cross-sectional data from the China Kadoorie Biobank study of 506,673 adults aged 30-79 years recruited from 10 diverse urban and rural regions in China. Analyses related mean blood pressure - overall and in various subgroups - to mean local outdoor temperature.
The mean difference in SBP between summer (June-August) and winter (December-February) was 10 mmHg overall, and was more extreme, on average, in rural than in urban areas (12 vs. 8 mmHg; P for interaction <0.0001). Above 5°C, SBP was strongly inversely associated with outdoor temperature in all 10 areas studied, with 5.7 (SE 0.04) mmHg higher SBP per 10°C lower outdoor temperature. The association was stronger in older people and in those with lower BMI. At lower temperatures, there was no evidence of an association among participants who reported having central heating in their homes.
Blood pressure was strongly inversely associated with outdoor temperature in Chinese adults across a range of climatic conditions, although access to home central heating appeared to remove much of the association during the winter months. Seasonal variation in blood pressure should be considered in the clinical management of hypertension.
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