FISCAL FORESIGHT AND INFORMATION FLOWS Leeper, Eric M.; Walker, Todd B.; Yang, Shu-Chun Susan
Econometrica,
20/May , Letnik:
81, Številka:
3
Journal Article
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News—or foresight—about future economic fundamentals can create rational expectations equilibria with non-fundamental representations that pose substantial challenges to econometric efforts to ...recover the structural shocks to which economic agents react. Using tax policies as a leading example of foresight, simple theory makes transparent the economic behavior and information structures that generate non-fundamental equilibria. Econometric analyses that fail to model foresight will obtain biased estimates of output multipliers for taxes; biases are quantitatively important when two canonical theoretical models are taken as data generating processes. Both the nature of equilibria and the inferences about the effects of anticipated tax changes hinge critically on hypothesized information flows. Different methods for extracting or hypothesizing the information flows are discussed and shown to be alternative techniques for resolving a non-uniqueness problem endemic to moving average representations.
Atomic‐molecular engineering is an effective way to accurately tailor the microstructures and components of materials at the micro‐nano scale, which can be applied to flexibly manipulate their ...electromagnetic (EM) response. Herein, graphene microlaminates with multi‐layer structure are fabricated by atomic cluster engineering and oxidative molecular layer deposition for the first time. The microlaminates enable a tunable EM loss (from 0.93 to 3.94 for imaginary permittivity and from 0.17 to 0.25 for imaginary permeability) by changing poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) cycles, and the attenuation constant reaches 160. On this basis, multifunctional antennas are conceived, achieving frequency‐selective response that enables steady harvest of > 90% of EM energy from signal source, and tactfully recycling waste heat energy and mechanical energy. This study will furnish a new horizon for information transmission and artificial intelligence in the future.
Atomic‐molecular engineering is employed to fabricate graphene microlaminate with multi‐layer structure. The microlaminate exhibits excellent electromagnetic losses and high energy attenuation. Importantly, multifunctional antenna is further conceived, with integrated functions including frequency‐selective response and waste energy recycling, which will promote the development of an intelligent society.
High‐efficiency electromagnetic (EM) functional materials are the core building block of high‐performance EM absorbers and devices, and they are indispensable in various fields ranging from ...industrial manufacture to daily life, or even from national defense security to space exploration. Searching for high‐efficiency EM functional materials and realizing high‐performance EM devices remain great challenges. Herein, a simple solution‐process is developed to rapidly grow gram‐scale organic–inorganic (MAPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite microcrystals. They exhibit excellent EM response in multi bands covering microwaves, visible light, and X‐rays. Among them, outstanding microwave absorption performance with multiple absorption bands can be achieved, and their intrinsic EM properties can be tuned by adjusting polar group. An ultra‐wideband bandpass filter with high suppression level of −71.8 dB in the stopband in the GHz band, self‐powered photodetectors with tunable broadband or narrowband photoresponse in the visible‐light band, and a self‐powered X‐ray detector with high sensitivity of 3560 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 in the X‐ray band are designed and realized by precisely regulating the physical features of perovskite and designing a novel planar device structure. These findings open a door toward developing high‐efficiency EM functional materials for realizing high‐performance EM absorbers and devices.
A facile one‐step solution processing method is developed to rapidly prepare gram‐scale MAPbX3 microcrystals. Utilizing its intrinsic electromagnetic (EM) properties, a series of EM devices is designed and fabricated, which can be applied in the fields of ultra‐wideband bandpass filters and multi‐band photodetection covering X‐rays, UV, visible light, and microwaves.
A novel distributionally robust chance‐constrained optimization (DRCCP) method is proposed in this work based on the Sinkhorn ambiguity set. The Sinkhorn ambiguity set is constructed based on the ...Sinkhorn distance, which is a variant of the Wasserstein distance with the entropic regularization. The proposed method can hedge against more general families of uncertainty distributions than the Wasserstein ambiguity set‐based methods. The presented approach is formulated as a tractable conic model based on the Conditional value‐at‐risk (CVaR) approximation and the discretized kernel distribution relaxation. This model is compatible with more general constraints that are subject to uncertainty than the Wasserstein‐based methods. Accordingly, the presented Sinkhorn DRCCP is a more practical approach that overcomes the limitations of the traditional Wasserstein DRCCP approaches. A numerical example and a nonlinear chemical process optimization case are studied to demonstrate the efficacy of the Sinkhorn DRCCP and its advantages over the Wasserstein DRCCP.
Abstract
Blood vessels in the adult mammal exist in a highly organized and stable state. In the ischemic heart, limited expansion capacity of the myocardial vascular bed cannot satisfy demands for ...oxygen supply and the myocardium eventually undergoes irreversible damage. The predominant contribution of endogenous c-Kit
+
cells is understood to be in the development and homeostasis of cardiac endothelial cells, which suggests potential for their targeting in treatments for cardiac ischemic injury. Quiescent cells in other tissues are known to contribute to the long-term maintenance of a cell pool, preserve proliferation capacity and, upon activation, facilitate tissue homeostasis and regeneration in response to tissue injury. Here, we present evidence of a Setd4-expressing quiescent c-Kit
+
cell population in the adult mouse heart originating from embryonic stages. Conditional knock-out of
Setd4
in
c-Kit-CreER
T2
;
Setd4
f/f
;
Rosa26
TdTomato
mice induced an increase in vascular endothelial cells of capillaries in both neonatal and adult mice. We show that Setd4 regulates quiescence of c-Kit
+
cells by the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway via H4K20me3 catalysis. In myocardial infarction injured mice,
Setd4
knock-out resulted in attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis, decreased infarction size and improved cardiac function. Lineage tracing in
Setd4-Cre
;
Rosa26
mT/mG
mice showed that Setd4
+
cells contribute to each cardiac lineage. Overall, Setd4 epigenetically controls c-Kit
+
cell quiescence in the adult heart by facilitating heterochromatin formation via H4K20me3. Beyond activation, endogenous quiescent c-Kit
+
cells were able to improve cardiac function in myocardial infarction injured mice via the neovascularization of capillaries.
Acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter secreted by cholinergic neurons, is involved in signal transduction related to memory and learning ability. Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive and commonly ...diagnosed neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by memory and cognitive decline and behavioral disorders. The pathogenesis of AD is complex and remains unclear, being affected by various factors. The cholinergic hypothesis is the earliest theory about the pathogenesis of AD. Cholinergic atrophy and cognitive decline are accelerated in age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. In addition, abnormal central cholinergic changes can also induce abnormal phosphorylation of ttau protein, nerve cell inflammation, cell apoptosis, and other pathological phenomena, but the exact mechanism of action is still unclear. Due to the complex and unclear pathogenesis, effective methods to prevent and treat AD are unavailable, and research to explore novel therapeutic drugs is various and active in the world. This review summaries the role of cholinergic signaling and the correlation between the cholinergic signaling pathway with other risk factors in AD and provides the latest research about the efficient therapeutic drugs and treatment of AD.
Abstract
In the adult pancreas, the presence of progenitor or stem cells and their potential involvement in homeostasis and regeneration remains unclear. Here, we identify that SET domain-containing ...protein 4 (SETD4), a histone lysine methyltransferase, is expressed in a small cell population in the adult mouse pancreas. Genetic lineage tracing shows that during pancreatic development, descendants of SETD4
+
cells make up over 70% of pancreatic cells and then contribute to each pancreatic lineage during pancreatic homeostasis. SETD4
+
cells generate newborn acinar cells in response to cerulein-induced pancreatitis in acinar compartments. Ablation of SETD4
+
cells compromises regeneration of acinar cells, in contrast to controls. Our findings provide a new cellular narrative for pancreatic development, homeostasis and response to injury via a small SETD4
+
cell population. Potential applications may act to preserve pancreatic function in case of pancreatic disease and/or damage.
Superhydrophobic coatings that are also self‐healing have drawn much attention in recent years for improved durability in practical applications. Typically, the release of the self‐healing agents is ...triggered by temperature and moisture change. In this study, UV‐responsive microcapsules are successfully synthesized by Pickering emulsion polymerization using titania (TiO2) and silica (SiO2) nanoparticles as the Pickering agents to fabricate all‐water‐based self‐repairing, superhydrophobic coatings. These coatings are environmentally friendly and can be readily coated on various substrates. Compared to conventional superhydrophobic coatings, these coatings can regenerate superhydrophobicity and self‐cleaning ability under UV light, mimicking the outdoor environment, after they are mechanically damaged or contaminated with organics. They can maintain the superhydrophobicity after multiple cycles of accelerated weathering tests.
An environmentally benign, all‐water‐based self‐repairing superhydrophobic coating based on UV‐responsive microcapsules is fabricated, which exhibits excellent self‐healing and self‐cleaning ability in an outdoor environment, and after mechanical damage and contamination by organics.
•Potato pulp can be used as a raw material for pectin extraction.•The highest yield (14.34%) was obtained by citric acid extraction.•Potato pectin is rich in RG-I domain (>60%) which is highly ...branched.•Potato pectin has high degree of acetylation (9.21%–15.38%).•Potato pectin has superior emulsifying properties to that of commercial pectins.
Effects of HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, citric acid, and acetic acid on the yield, structure, and emulsifying properties of potato pectins were investigated. Results showed that the highest yield (14.34%) was obtained using citric acid, followed by HNO3 (9.83%), HCl (9.72%), H2SO4 (8.38%), and acetic acid (4.08%). The degrees of methylation (37.45%) and acetylation (15.38%), protein content (6.97%), and molecular weight (3.207 × 105 g/mol) were the highest for pectin extracted using acetic acid, and (galactose + arabinose)/rhamnose was 33.34, indicating that it had a highly branched rhamnogalacturonan I domain. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed a specific absorbance peak at 1064 cm−1, which corresponds to the acetyl groups in potato pectins. SEM showed that all potato pectins are morphologically different. The emulsifying activity (EA, 44.97%–47.71%) and emulsion stability (ES, 36.54%–46.00%) of the pectins were influenced by acid types, and were higher than those of commercial citrus and apple pectin.
In this letter, using the rainbow functions that were proposed by Magueijo and Smolin, we investigate the thermodynamics and the phase transition of rainbow Schwarzschild black hole. First, we ...calculate the rainbow gravity corrected Hawking temperature. From this modification, we then derive the local temperature, free energy, and other thermodynamic quantities in an isothermal cavity. Finally, we analyze the critical behavior, thermodynamic stability, and phase transition of the rainbow Schwarzschild black hole. The results show that the rainbow gravity can stop the Hawking radiation in the final stages of black holes' evolution and lead to the remnants of black holes. Furthermore, one can observe that the rainbow Schwarzschild black hole has one first-order phase transition, two second-order phase transitions, and three Hawking–Page-type phase transitions in the framework of rainbow gravity theory.
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