The crude Solanum tuberdsm polysaccharides (STP) were extracted with hot water. In the process of extraction, proteins, pigments, small molecules and salts in the mixture were removed by Sevage ...reagent, diatomite and distilled water dialysis, respectively. In addition, the process conditions of protein removal by response surface methodology (RSM) were optimized, and the optimum process conditions of Sevage method were established as follows: ultrasound power 350 W, ultrasound time 20 min, deproteinization twice, volume ratio of polysaccharide solution to Sevage reagent 1:1 (mL/mL). Under these conditions, the protein removal rate was 93.14%.
Ipomoea batatas polysaccharides (IBPs) have many important physiological functions. The optimal extraction conditions were extraction time of 40 min, solid–liquid ratio of 1:8 and ultrasonic power of ...240 W. 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance (1D/2D NMR) analysis showed that the main chain of IBP-1A was mainly composed of →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ and →3, 6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ residues. In vivo experiments showed that polysaccharide significantly increased the levels of antioxidation-related enzymes and metabolites in older mice. It could significantly relieve oxidative stress injury and delay aging. Therefore, this study provided a new theoretical basis for the development of IBPs as antioxidant food.
•A new nanocomposite packaging material was prepared.•It was applied on the preservation of mushrooms (F. velutipes).•Non-volatile and volatile compounds from F. velutipes were evaluated.•The ...different flavours were tested using E-nose, E-tongue and HS-SPME–GC–MS.•The ethanol accumulation and amino acids degradation were inhibited during storage.
To clarify the dynamic changes of flavour components in mushrooms packed with different packaging materials during storage, comprehensive flavour characterization, non-volatile and volatile compounds of Flammulina velutipes were evaluated using electronic nose (E-nose), electronic tongue (E-tongue) technology and headspace solid phase micro-extraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME–GC–MS), respectively. Results showed that volatile compounds of fresh F. velutipes mainly consisted of ketones and alcohols, with 3-octanone being the predominant compound. After storage, volatile components significantly changed in mushrooms packed with normal packaging material (Normal-PM) according to the GC–MS analysis and radar fingerprint chart of electronic nose. The ethanol accumulation was inhibited by nanocomposite packaging materials (Nano-PM). Besides, both radar graph and PCA of E-tongue signals could differentiate the samples from different packaging and storage time. In general, these results may provide a profile of flavour substances and explain mechanism of flavour changes in F. velutipes over storage period.
As the core device of engine-driven vehicle powertrains, the automatic transmission (AT) can obtain different output torques and speeds. Designing new mechanisms is the foundation for developing ...innovative ATs. This paper proposes an innovative design method for 7-speed, 8-speed and 9-speed AT mechanisms based on fractionated planetary gear trains (PGTs) and investigates the performance analysis of the AT mechanisms. Firstly, the detection of symmetric vertices in the PGT graph is studied, and a method for the topologic synthesis of 11-link 2-degree-of-freedom (DOF) fractionated PGTs is proposed. Secondly, the innovative design of 7-speed, 8-speed and 9-speed AT mechanisms is explored, leading to the discovery of two novel 7-speed AT mechanisms, three novel 8-speed AT mechanisms and four novel 9-speed AT mechanisms. Finally, the performance analyses of kinematics, torque, power flow and transmission efficiency of the AT mechanisms are conducted, and AMESim (Simcenter Amesim 2020.1) software is utilized to simulate speed ratios and transmission efficiencies of the AT mechanisms. The analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the nine novel AT mechanisms obtained in this study exhibit excellent overall performances. The speed ratios of each AT mechanism are reasonable, the step ratio is between 1.1 and 1.8, and the transmission efficiency exceeds 0.95. There is no cyclic power, or the cyclic power values are within an acceptable limit.
To explore the influences of storage conditions on freeze-dried Agaricus bisporus slices, the dynamic changes of physical and sensory properties under different conditions (37 °C, 85% RH; 25 °C, 55% ...RH; ambient temperature) were investigated. The results showed that the samples stored under 37 °C, 85% RH (HT) had sparser microstructure, smaller micro-pores, poorer rehydration, lower hardness and lower fracturability. Color examinations revealed that HT induced whiteness deterioration, this was as a result of phenolic substance oxidation and a weaker protection of citric acid. Umami taste of HT samples was rapidly lost owing to the decrease of 5′-GMP and MSG-like amino acids. Moreover, aroma information from E-nose revealed the superiority of storage conditions, 25 °C, 55% RH (RT) and ambient temperature (AT) were considered as better conditions in retaining the initial volatile compounds. In summary, RT was considered as the optima condition for the storage of freeze-dried A. bisporus slices.
•Fracturability and hardness reduced rapidly under high temperature and humidity.•Micro-pores became more compact and smaller under variable ambient temperature.•Umami flavor was influenced by the decrease of 5′-GMP and MSG-like amino acids.•Volatile compounds were better maintained by avoiding high temperature and humidity.•Edible quality was better perserved under constant room temperature and humidity.
The function of vehicle powertrains (including hybrid powertrains) is to transmit power from the power source (engine or electric machine) to driving wheels. The planetary gear train (PGT) is a core ...structure of mechanisms of powertrains. The detection of topological symmetry is helpful for improving the efficiency of mechanism design. In this paper, we present a fully automatic and reliable method for detecting symmetry of plane kinematic chains and extend this method to symmetry detection and the topological design of mechanisms of powertrains. First, the topological model and adjacency matrix are introduced to represent various kinds of plane kinematic chains. Then, the moment matrix of the kinematic chain is established to obtain link groups, based on which we propose an algorithm to generate the unique numerical code of each link and precisely detect the symmetry. Our method is applied to synthesize different kinds of plane kinematic chains and mechanisms, which can improve the design efficiency of mechanisms of powertrains and other mechanical devices.
Extensive elucidations focusing on the efficient health promoting properties and high nutritional values of mushrooms have been expanded dynamically from the past few decades. Due to its high quality ...of proteins, polysaccharides, unsaturated fatty acids, mineral substances, triterpenes sterols and secondary metabolites, mushrooms have always been appreciated for their vital role in protecting and curing various health problems, such as immunodeficiency, cancer, inflammation, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and obesity. Moreover, investigations in recent years have revealed the correlations between the health-promoting benefits and gut microbiota regulating effects induced by the mushrooms intake. Researches on the immense role in the nutritional and health benefits displayed by mushrooms have become an emergent task to study. The present article overviewed and compiled the latest information correlated to the health benefits and underlying functional mechanisms of mushroom nutraceuticals, and concluded that the supplementation of mushrooms as a dietary composition could become a natural adjuvant for the prevention and treatment of several health diseases.
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•p-Coumaric acid had radical scavenging ability and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power.•p-Coumaric acid inhibited AAPH-induced ROS generation and LDH release.•p-Coumaric acid ...increased expression of antioxidant genes in vivo.•p-Coumaric acid promoted the recovery of hyperlipidemia steatohepatitis in vivo.
Dietary phenols are antioxidants with diverse physiological functions that are beneficial for human health. The objective of this research work was to investigate antioxidant activity of p-coumaric acid (p-CA) using four in vitro methods, the protective effects against oxidative stress in PC12 cells, and hypolipidemic effects on High fat-diet (HFD) mice model. The p-CA exhibited moderate antioxidant activity in the selected in vitro assay. The highest chelating activity of p-CA at 50 μg/mL was found to be 52.22%. Pretreatment with p-CA significantly enhanced cell viability of PC12 cell and suppressed AAPH-induced intracellular ROS generation and AAPH-induced LDH release. The hypolipidemic effects of p-CA (100 mg/kg BW) was directly linked to the increased expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) by 2.0-fold, Glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) by 3.8-fold, Superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) by 1.6-fold, Heme oxygenase (HO-1) by 1.72-fold and NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO-1) by 1.5-fold compared with HFD group. In addition to these effects, p-CA decreased total cholesterol and atherosclerosis index levels, and increased catalase (CAT) level in serum, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels in liver as compared HFD group. Administration of p-CA also promoted the recovery of hyperlipidemia steatohepatitis in mice by ameliorating lipid peroxidation. These results suggested that p-CA is a potent antioxidant with potential therapeutic efficacy for treating hyperlipidemia symptoms.
Widely used as anticancer and immunosuppressive agents, thiopurines have narrow therapeutic indices owing to frequent toxicities, partly explained by TPMT genetic polymorphisms. Recent studies ...identified germline NUDT15 variation as another critical determinant of thiopurine intolerance, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and the clinical implications of this pharmacogenetic association remain unknown. In 270 children enrolled in clinical trials for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Guatemala, Singapore and Japan, we identified four NUDT15 coding variants (p.Arg139Cys, p.Arg139His, p.Val18Ile and p.Val18_Val19insGlyVal) that resulted in 74.4-100% loss of nucleotide diphosphatase activity. Loss-of-function NUDT15 diplotypes were consistently associated with thiopurine intolerance across the three cohorts (P = 0.021, 2.1 × 10(-5) and 0.0054, respectively; meta-analysis P = 4.45 × 10(-8), allelic effect size = -11.5). Mechanistically, NUDT15 inactivated thiopurine metabolites and decreased thiopurine cytotoxicity in vitro, and patients with defective NUDT15 alleles showed excessive levels of thiopurine active metabolites and toxicity. Taken together, these results indicate that a comprehensive pharmacogenetic model integrating NUDT15 variants may inform personalized thiopurine therapy.
•Three homogenous polysaccharides namely PEPE-1, PEPE-2 and PEPE-3 were obtained from Pleurotus eryngii residue.•PEPE-1, PEPE-2 and PEPE-3 were chemically characterized preliminarily using HPSEC, GC, ...UV and FT-IR.•Antitumor activity of PEPE-1, PEPE-2 and PEPE-3 against the proliferation of HepG-2 cells was evaluated in vitro.•Anti-proliferation activity was correlated with chemical structures of both polysaccharides.
A novel water-soluble polysaccharide from Pleurotus eryngii residue was isolated and further purified by DEAE cellulose-52 chromatography and Sephadex G-100 size-exclusion chromatography to yield PEPE-1, PEPE-2 and PEPE-3. Molecular weights were determined by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Gas chromatography (GC) analysis of monosaccharide composition confirmed that PEPE-1, PEPE-2 and PEPE-3 were heteropolysaccharides and mainly composed of glucose. Sulfate and uronic acid content, ultraviolet and infrared spectrum were also evaluated. The antitumor activities of the polysaccharides against HepG-2 cells were studied in vitro. Results showed that the three polysaccharides could suppress the proliferation and enhance lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release of HepG-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The effect increased in the order of PEPE-1<PEPE-2<PEPE-3, respectively. The same order was also observed with uronic acid content. Findings presented in this study suggested that the polysaccharides extracted from P. eryngii residue might be suitable for functional foods and natural antitumor drugs development.
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