FGF/FGFR signaling in health and disease Xie, Yangli; Su, Nan; Yang, Jing ...
Signal transduction and targeted therapy,
09/2020, Letnik:
5, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Growing evidences suggest that the fibroblast growth factor/FGF receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling has crucial roles in a multitude of processes during embryonic development and adult homeostasis by ...regulating cellular lineage commitment, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of various types of cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of FGF signaling and its roles in organ development, injury repair, and the pathophysiology of spectrum of diseases, which is a consequence of FGF signaling dysregulation, including cancers and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this context, the agonists and antagonists for FGF-FGFRs might have therapeutic benefits in multiple systems.
•A simple structure of passive flow regulator was fabricated in low-cost polymer films using a quick fabrication process.•The single membrane flow regulators were able to output the stable flow rates ...of 100–2000 µL/min under varied pressures.•The series-connected flow regulators could reduce the fluctuation of flow rates to be less than 1.5%.•The parallel-arranged flow regulators could output various flow rates by selectively on-off control of eight branches.
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The passive flow regulator for accurate flow control is vital in miniaturized microfluidic systems. The reported regulators commonly have complex structures and fabrication processes, and could only deliver fixed flow rates. In this paper, the series and parallel integrations of single membrane flow regulators were reported to achieve the enhanced flow control and the multiple-output fluid delivery. To understand the flow adjustment characteristics, a series of prototype devices with different structural dimensions were systematically investigated. Our flow regulators were fabricated in low-cost polymer films using a quick nonclean room fabrication process. By adjusting the structural parameters, our flow regulators were able to output the stable flow rates of 100–2000 µL/min over a wide pressure range of 1000–4000 mbar. More importantly, the strategies of series and parallel integrations of single passive flow regulators were carried out to create the precise and multiple-output fluid delivery. The series-connected flow regulators could reduce the fluctuation of flow rates to be less than 1.5% under highly varied pressures. Through selectively turning off the branches, the parallel-arranged flow regulators could output various precise flow rates as demanded. Therefore, we envisioned that our integrated flow regulators held the potentials for controlling fluid with on-demand flow rates in portable microfluidic systems.
Environmental regulation is an important driving force of green technology innovation. In this paper, environmental policy instruments are classified into three categories: command-control, ...market-incentive and social-will. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2017, a fixed effect model and a panel threshold regression model are used to test the heterogeneous effects of different types of environmental policy instruments on the green technology innovation in China. The results show that: (1) Overall, China's environmental policy instruments do not provide sufficient impetus for green technology innovation; (2) The impact of command-control environmental policy instruments on green technology innovation has a single threshold effect. When its intensity exceeds a certain threshold, green technology innovation is improved. The impact of market-incentive environmental policy instruments on the green technology innovation shows a double threshold effect, that is to say, only when its intensity maintained within a reasonable interval, can green technology innovation be promoted by it; (3) There is significant spatial difference in the impact of different types of environmental policy instruments on green technology innovation. In order to induce green technology innovation, it is necessary to formulate a combined and differentiated environmental policy system, while rationally adjusting the strength of different types of environmental policy instruments.
Spatially resolved surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SRSPS) was employed to obtain direct evidence for highly anisotropic photogenerated charge separation on different facets of a single BiVO4 ...photocatalyst. Through the controlled synthesis of a single crystal with preferentially exposed {010} facets, highly anisotropic photogenerated hole transfer to the {011} facet of single BiVO4 crystals was observed. The surface photovoltage signal intensity on the {011} facet was 70 times stronger than that on the {010} facets. The influence of the built‐in electric field in the space charge region of different facets on the anisotropic photoinduced charge transfer in a single semiconductor crystal is revealed.
Spatially resolved surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SRSPS) was employed to obtain first direct evidence of highly anisotropic photogenerated charge separations on different facets of a single BiVO4 photocatalyst. The results provide guidance to optimizing the performance of photocatalysts and solar cells.
A new BINOL‐derived chiral phosphoric acid bearing 2,4,6‐trimethyl‐3,5‐dinitrophenyl substituents at the 3,3′‐positions was developed. The utility of this chiral phosphoric acid is demonstrated by a ...highly enantioselective (ee up to >99 %) and diastereoselective (syn/anti up to >99:1) asymmetric Mukaiyama–Mannich reaction of imines with a wide range of ketene silyl acetals. Moreover, this method was successfully applied to the construction of vicinal tertiary and quaternary stereogenic centers with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. Significantly, BINOL‐derived N‐triflyl phosphoramide constitutes a complementary catalyst system that allows the title reaction to be applied to more challenging imines without an N‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl) moiety.
A selection of M&M's: 2,4,6‐trimethyl‐3,5‐dinitrophenyl substituents were introduced into the 3,3′‐positions of BINOL‐derived chiral phosphoric acids. The resulting catalysts exhibit excellent enantioselectivity and good diastereoselectivity in asymmetric Mukaiyama–Mannich reactions of imines with a wide range of ketene silyl acetals.
Polymeric carbon nitride modified with selected heteroatom dopants was prepared and used as a model photocatalyst to identify and understand the key mechanisms required for efficient photoproduction ...of H2O2 via selective oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The photochemical production of H2O2 was achieved at a millimolar level per hour under visible‐light irradiation along with 100 % apparent quantum yield (in 360–450 nm region) and 96 % selectivity in an electrochemical system (0.1 V vs. RHE). Spectroscopic analysis in spatiotemporal resolution and theoretical calculations revealed that the synergistic association of alkali and sulfur dopants in the polymeric matrix promoted the interlayer charge separation and polarization of trapped electrons for preferable oxygen capture and reduction in ORR kinetics. This work highlights the key features that are responsible for controlling the photocatalytic activity and selectivity toward the two‐electron ORR, which should be the basis of further development of solar H2O2 production.
Heptazine‐based C3N4 photocatalysts with heteroatom dopants exhibit potassium‐induced interlayer charge separation and local charge polarization on sulfur sites. This facilitates O2 adsorption and the subsequent two‐electron reduction of dioxygen to achieve highly efficient and selective production of H2O2 up to a millimolar level per hour and 100 % apparent quantum yield at 420 nm.
Polymer heterojunctions (PHJs) have emerged as promising photocatalysts for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE). Nevertheless, most PHJs exhibit unsatisfactory hydrogen evolution rate (HER), ...primarily attributing to their own high‐energy Frenkel excitons and poor light capturing ability. In this paper, a molecular engineering strategy is developed to further broaden spectral response range and simultaneously accelerate Frenkel excitons dissociation within PHJs. For this purpose, three donor–acceptor (D‐A) conjugated polymers/g‐C3N4 heterojunctions with alternative donor units (fluorene, carbazole, N‐annulated perylene for P1, P2, and P3, respectively) and the invariant acceptor unit (benzothiadiazole) have been designed and fabricated for efficient PHE. Experimental results show that copolymerizing different donor units into the polymer skeleton not only extends the visible‐light response range but also promotes photoexciton separation within polymer/g‐C3N4 PHJs. Notably, copolymerizing the strongest electron donor unit (N‐annulated perylene) achieves the best light capture ability and the most effective photoexcitation separation of the P3/g‐C3N4, leading to significantly increase HRE of 13.0 mmol h−1 g−1 with a recorded apparent quantum yield of 27.32% at 520 nm. Importantly, the Type II heterojunction mechanism within P3/CN was first proved by theoretical calculation. This work provides a promising strategy for reasonably developing efficient PHJs for solar fuel production.
A molecular engineering strategy based on introducing donor–acceptor units into conjugated polymers for polymer heterojunction photocatalysts with broadened spectral response range and simultaneously accelerate Frenkel excitons dissociation is developed. Notably, N‐annulated perylene polymers achieve a AQY of 27.32% at 520 nm.
Geniposide (GE) can effectively inhibit diabetic nephropathy (DN), but its mechanism is unclear. The objective of this study was to explore the antidiabetic nephropathy effects of GE both in high fat ...diet/streptozotocin-induced DN mice and in high glucose-induced podocyte model. Renal function in DN mice was evaluated by levels of serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Renal inflammation was appraised by pro-inflammatory cytokines: Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1β via ELISA assay. Renal histopathology analysis was conducted via hematoxylin and eosin, Masson and periodic acid-silver metheramine staining. Cellular viability was measured by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay. Moreover, the related proteins p–NF–κB, ASC, Cleave-IL-1β, NLRP3, Cleave-Caspase-1 and GSDMD-N in AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway were assayed by Western blotting. In order to further investigate the effects of GE on podocytes, we also assessed these protein levels in AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway after siRNA-AMPK intervention by Western blotting. GE alleviated renal dysfunction as evidenced by decreased levels of Scr, BUN, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. Histological examination revealed GE effectively attenuated kidney damage, including glomerular basement membrane thickening and inflammatory cells infiltration. AMPK, p-AMPK and SIRT1 levels were obviously decreased both in DN mice and in podocyte model, but GE reversed these changes. The protein expressions in APMK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway were significantly decreased by GE treatment. These results suggested that GE could efficiently block oxidative stress and inflammatory responses accompanied with pyroptosis, thus inhibiting the development of DN, and its mechanism might be related to APMK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway.
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•We explored the antidiabetic nephropathy effects of geniposide.•Geniposide efficiently blocks oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.•The mechanism of geniposide might be related to AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway.
Controlling the interaction of polarization light with an asymmetric nanostructure such as a metal/semiconductor heterostructure provides opportunities for tuning surface plasmon excitation and ...near‐field spatial distribution. However, light polarization effects on interfacial charge transport and the photocatalysis of plasmonic metal/semiconductor photocatalysts are unclear. Herein, we reveal the polarization dependence of plasmonic charge separation and spatial distribution in Au/TiO2 nanoparticles under 45° incident light illumination at the single‐particle level using a combination of photon‐irradiated Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and electromagnetic field simulation. We quantitatively uncover the relationship between the local charge density and polarization angle by investigating the polarization‐dependent surface photovoltage (SPV). The plasmon‐induced photocatalytic activity is enhanced when the polarization direction is perpendicular to the Au/TiO2 interface.
A polarization effect in charge separation and spatial distribution was discovered using photo‐irradiated Kelvin probe force microscopy. Plasmon‐induced surface photovoltage was demonstrated to be varied as a sine‐squared function of polarization angle. Under suitable polarization angle, local charge density and photocatalytic activity can be dramatically enhanced.
Lactoferrin (lactotransferrin; Lf) is an iron-binding glycoprotein and one of the most important bioactivators in milk and other external secretions. It has numerous biological roles, including the ...regulation of iron absorption and modulation of immune responses, and has anti-microbial, anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Lf regulates the quantity of iron absorbed in the intestine via its role in iron transport and can also chelate iron, directly or indirectly. Notably, it has been used as an adjuvant therapy for some intestinal diseases. It is now used in nutraceuticalsupplemented infant formula and other food products. This article reviews the content, distribution, physiologic functions and current applications of Lf, and aims to shed light on future prospects for additional applications of Lf.
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