Active carbons have unique physicochemical properties, but their conductivities and surface to weight ratios are much poorer than graphene. A unique and facile method is innovated to chemically ...process biomass by “drilling” holes with H2O2 and exfoliating into graphene‐like nanosheets with HAc, followed by carbonization at a high temperature for highly graphitized activated carbon with greatly enhanced porosity, unique pore structure, high conductivity, and large surface area. This graphene‐like carbon exhibits extremely high specific capacitance (340 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1) and high specific energy density (23.33 to 16.67 W h kg−1) with excellent rate capability and long cycling stability (remains 98% after 10 000 cycles), which is much superior to all reported carbons including graphene. Synthesis mechanism for deriving biomass into porous graphene‐like carbons is discussed in detail. The enhancement mechanism for the porous graphene‐like carbon electrode reveals that rationally designed meso‐ and macropores are very critical in porous electrode performance, which can network micropores for diffusion freeways, high conductivity, and high utilization. This work has universal significance in producing highly porous and conductive carbons from biomass including biowastes for various energy storage/conversion applications.
A graphene‐like porous activated carbon derived from a biomass fabricated, rationally designed chemical process, followed by carbonization at high temperature, exhibits a specific capacitance of 340 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and high specific energy density (23.33–16.67 W h kg−1), with excellent capacity retention after 10 000 cycles, superior to other carbon electrodes.
Inspired by recent measurement of possible fully charmed tetraquarks in LHCb Collaboration, we investigate the mass spectra of fully heavy tetraquarks
Q
Q
Q
¯
Q
¯
in an extended relativized quark ...model. Our estimations indicate that the broad structure around 6.4 GeV should contain one or more ground states for
c
c
c
¯
c
¯
tetraquarks, while the narrow structure near 6.9 GeV can be categorized as the first radial excitation of
c
c
c
¯
c
¯
system. Moreover, with the wave functions of the tetraquarks and mesons, the strong decays of tetraquarks into heavy quarkonium pair are qualitatively discussed, which can be further checked by the LHCb and CMS Collaborations.
The continued threat of emerging, highly lethal infectious pathogens such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) calls for the development of novel vaccine technology that offers ...safe and effective prophylactic measures. Here, a novel nanoparticle vaccine is developed to deliver subunit viral antigens and STING agonists in a virus‐like fashion. STING agonists are first encapsulated into capsid‐like hollow polymeric nanoparticles, which show multiple favorable attributes, including a pH‐responsive release profile, prominent local immune activation, and reduced systemic reactogenicity. Upon subsequent antigen conjugation, the nanoparticles carry morphological semblance to native virions and facilitate codelivery of antigens and STING agonists to draining lymph nodes and immune cells for immune potentiation. Nanoparticle vaccine effectiveness is supported by the elicitation of potent neutralization antibody and antigen‐specific T cell responses in mice immunized with a MERS‐CoV nanoparticle vaccine candidate. Using a MERS‐CoV‐permissive transgenic mouse model, it is shown that mice immunized with this nanoparticle‐based MERS‐CoV vaccine are protected against a lethal challenge of MERS‐CoV without triggering undesirable eosinophilic immunopathology. Together, the biocompatible hollow nanoparticle described herein provides an excellent strategy for delivering both subunit vaccine candidates and novel adjuvants, enabling accelerated development of effective and safe vaccines against emerging viral pathogens.
To improve vaccination efforts against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV), a virus‐mimicking vaccine is herein prepared with a capsid‐like hollow polymeric nanoparticle loaded with STING agonists and coated in MERS‐CoV antigens. The viromimetic nanoparticle facilitates safe and effective vaccination against the lethal virus and offers a versatile platform for combatting emerging infectious threats.
This paper reviews recent developments in the preparation, surface functionalization, and applications of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. Especially, it includes preparation methods (such as ...electrodeposition, polyol methods, etc.), organic materials (such as polymers, small molecules, surfactants, biomolecules, etc.) or inorganic materials (such as silica, metals, and metal oxidation/sulfide, functionalized coating of carbon surface, graphene, etc.) and its applications (such as magnetic separation, protein fixation, magnetic catalyst, environmental treatment, medical research, etc.). In the end, some existing challenges and possible future trends in the field were discussed.
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•Comprehensive summary of the main aspects of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles related to their preparation and application.•Classification and intrinsic properties of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were studied.•Perspectives for the future developments of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were proposed.
Pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5)‐containing compounds and corresponding analogs are a highly valuable class of fluorine‐containing building blocks owing to their unique properties. The reason for that is ...the set of peculiar and tremendously beneficial characteristics they can impart on molecules once introduced onto them. Despite this, their application in distinct scientific fields remains modest, given the extremely harsh reaction conditions needed to access such compounds. The recent synthetic approaches via S−F, and C−SF5 bond formation as well as the use of SF5‐containing building blocks embody a “stairway‐to‐heaven” loophole in the synthesis of otherwise‐inaccessible chemical scaffolds only a few years ago. Herein, we report and evaluate the properties of the SF5 group and analogs, by summarizing synthetic methodologies available to access them as well as following applications in material science and medicinal chemistry since 2015.
SF6 building blocks: This review article summarizes the recent synthetic methodology dedicated to pentafluorosulfanyl derivatives and their related analogs. The properties and up‐to‐date applications in materials sciences and medicinal chemistry of SF5‐containing compounds are also discussed here.
In this paper, the Hawking–Page phase transitions between the black holes and thermal anti-de Sitter (AdS) space are studied with the Gauss–Bonnet term in the extended phase space, in which the ...varying cosmological constant plays the role of an effective thermodynamic pressure. The Gauss–Bonnet term exhibits its effects via introducing the corrections to the black hole entropy and Gibbs free energy. The global phase structures, especially the phase transition temperature
T
HP
and the Gibbs free energy
G
, are systematically investigated, first for the Schwarzschild–AdS black holes and then for the charged and rotating AdS black holes in the grand canonical ensembles, with both analytical and numerical methods. It is found that there are terminal points in the coexistence lines, and
T
HP
decreases at large electric potentials and angular velocities and also decreases with the Gauss–Bonnet coupling constant
α
.
AbstractObjectiveTo assess short term mortality risks and excess mortality associated with exposure to ozone in several cities worldwide.DesignTwo stage time series analysis.Setting406 cities in 20 ...countries, with overlapping periods between 1985 and 2015, collected from the database of Multi-City Multi-Country Collaborative Research Network.PopulationDeaths for all causes or for external causes only registered in each city within the study period.Main outcome measuresDaily total mortality (all or non-external causes only).ResultsA total of 45 165 171 deaths were analysed in the 406 cities. On average, a 10 µg/m3 increase in ozone during the current and previous day was associated with an overall relative risk of mortality of 1.0018 (95% confidence interval 1.0012 to 1.0024). Some heterogeneity was found across countries, with estimates ranging from greater than 1.0020 in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Estonia, and Canada to less than 1.0008 in Mexico and Spain. Short term excess mortality in association with exposure to ozone higher than maximum background levels (70 µg/m3) was 0.26% (95% confidence interval 0.24% to 0.28%), corresponding to 8203 annual excess deaths (95% confidence interval 3525 to 12 840) across the 406 cities studied. The excess remained at 0.20% (0.18% to 0.22%) when restricting to days above the WHO guideline (100 µg/m3), corresponding to 6262 annual excess deaths (1413 to 11 065). Above more lenient thresholds for air quality standards in Europe, America, and China, excess mortality was 0.14%, 0.09%, and 0.05%, respectively.ConclusionsResults suggest that ozone related mortality could be potentially reduced under stricter air quality standards. These findings have relevance for the implementation of efficient clean air interventions and mitigation strategies designed within national and international climate policies.
Pharmacogenomics is an emerging tool to improve the efficacy and safety of drug treatment through the DNA analysis in the genes related to drug concentrations (pharmacokinetics) and drug actions ...(pharmacodynamics). Clinicians need to integrate the genomic data in their benefit-risk assessment and then provide the right drug to the right patient at the right time. This tool can help to prevent an ineffective treatment, select right dose and reduce adverse drug reactions that are common in the current practice under the trial-observation-adjustment model. Pharmacogenomics may have extensive impacts on unique paediatric patients to enhance a better relationship between medical professionals and affected children or their guardians and to improve the drug compliance. Clinicians should embrace the advancements in pharmacogenomics and actively participate in clinical research to identify the ancestor-related alleles and develop the population-specific gene panel. It will allow patients to enjoy more achievements in
Single‐cell protein therapeutics is expected to promote our in‐depth understanding of how a specific protein with a therapeutic dosage treats the cell without population averaging. However, it has ...not yet been tackled by current single‐cell nanotools. We address this challenge by the use of a double‐barrel nanopipette, in which one lumen was used for electroosmotic cytosolic protein delivery and the other was customized for ionic evaluation of the consequence. Upon injection of protein DJ‐1 through the delivery lumen, upregulation of the antioxidant protein could protect neural PC‐12 cells against oxidative stress from phorbol myristate acetate exposure, as deduced by targeting of the cytosolic hydrogen peroxide by the detecting lumen. The nanotool developed in this study for single‐cell protein therapeutics provides a perspective for future single‐cell therapeutics involving different therapeutic modalities, such as peptides, enzymes and nucleic acids.
Electrochemical single‐cell protein therapeutics was devised with an engineered θ‐nanopipette and exemplified by protein DJ‐1 enabled neuroprotection. Upon DJ‐1 injection through the delivery lumen, upregulation of the antioxidant protein could protect neural PC‐12 cells against oxidative stress from phorbol myristate acetate exposure, as deduced by targeting of the cytosolic H2O2 by the detecting lumen.
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