Background – Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a common inflammatory and pruritic skin disease, with various treatment options. The use of topical products containing natural ingredients has proven ...increasingly popular. Objective – To evaluate the effects of a spray solution containing heat‐killed Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. reuteri, on the clinical signs and cutaneous microbiota of atopic dogs. Conclusions and clinical importance – There was a significant and rapid decrease in the clinical signs associated with cAD after use of the spray. Future larger, randomized, controlled studies are needed to confirm these results and to assess the effects on the cutaneous immunity and microflora of atopic dogs.
Background
Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a common inflammatory and pruritic skin disease, with various treatment options. The use of topical products containing natural ingredients has proven increasingly popular.
Objective
To evaluate the effects of a spray solution containing heat‐killed Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. reuteri, on the clinical signs and cutaneous microbiota of atopic dogs.
Animals
Ten privately owned, mildly affected, nonseasonally atopic dogs.
Methods and materials
The spray was applied to the ventrum every 24 h for 28 days. Clinical scores, skin barrier function and owner assessment were evaluated on day (D)0, D14, D28 and D42. The cutaneous microbiota was analysed on D0 and D28.
Results
A reduction in the total clinical score was seen at each time point (D14, P = 0.03; D28, P = 0.04; D42, P = 0.001). A reduction in the regional clinical scores was seen after D28 (P = 0.01) and D42 (P = 0.003). A significant reduction in the pruritus score was seen on D42 (P = 0.01). A lower hydration value was seen on D28 (P = 0.02) and D42 (P = 0.02) on the pinnae. A good‐to‐excellent response and an easy‐to‐use administration was reported by owners. There were no significant changes in the cutaneous microbiota after 28 days.
Conclusions and clinical importance
There was a significant and rapid decrease in the clinical signs associated with cAD after use of the spray. Future larger, randomized, controlled studies are needed to confirm these results and to assess the effects on the cutaneous immunity and microflora of atopic dogs.
Résumé
Contexte
La dermatite atopique canine (DAC) est une dermatose inflammatoire et prurigineuse fréquente avec de nombreuses options thérapeutiques. L’utilisation de topiques contenant des ingrédients naturels rencontre un succès grandissant.
Objectif
Evaluer les effets d’une solution en spray contenant Lactobacillus rhamnosus et L. reuteri tué par la chaleur, sur les signes cliniques et le microbiote cutané des chiens atopiques.
Sujets
Dix chiens de propriétaires, atteints de dermatite atopique non saisonnière modérée.
Matériels et méthodes
Le spray a été appliqué sur l’abdomen toutes les 24h pendant 28 jours. Les scores cliniques, la fonction barrière cutanée et l’estimation des propriétaires ont été évalué à jour (J) 0, J14, J28 et J42. Le microbiote cutané a été analysé à J0 et J28.
Résultats
Une diminution du score clinique total a été observé à chaque point de contrôle (J14, P = 0.03; J28, P = 0.04; J42, P = 0.001). Une diminution des scores cliniques régionaux a été vu après J28 (P = 0.01) et J42 (P = 0.003). Une diminution significative du score de prurit a été vu à J42 (P = 0.01). Une valeur d’hydratation plus faible a été vue à J28 (P = 0.02) et J42 (P = 0.02) sur le pavillon auriculaire. Une réponse bonne à excellente et une administration facile a été notée par les propriétaires. Il n’y avait pas de changement significatif dans le microbiote cutané après 28 jours.
Conclusions et importance clinique
Il y avait une diminution rapide et significative des signes cliniques associés à la DAC après utilisation du spray. D’autres études plus larges, randomisées, contrôlées sont nécessaires pour confirmer ces résultats et pour déterminer les effets sur l’immunité cutanée et la microflore des chiens atopiques.
Resumen
Introducción
la dermatitis atópica canina (cAD) es una enfermedad cutánea inflamatoria y pruriginosa común, con varias opciones de tratamiento. El uso de productos tópicos que contienen ingredientes naturales ha demostrado ser cada vez más popular.
Objetivo
evaluar los efectos de una solución en aerosol que contiene Lactobacillus rhamnosus y L. reuteri destruidos por calor, en los signos clínicos y la microbiota cutánea de perros atópicos.
Animales
diez perros de propietarios particulares, levemente afectados, atópicos no‐estacionales.
Métodos y materiales
El aerosol se aplicó en la zona ventral cada 24 h durante 28 días. Las puntuaciones clínicas, la función de barrera cutánea y la valoración del propietario se evaluaron los días (D) 0, D14, D28 y D42. La microbiota cutánea se analizó en D0 y D28.
Resultados
se observó una reducción en la valoración clínica total en cada momento (D14, P = 0,03; D28, P = 0,04; D42, P = 0,001). Se observó una reducción en las valoraciones clínicas regionales después de D28 (P = 0,01) y D42 (P = 0,003). Se observó una reducción significativa en la valoración de prurito en D42 (P = 0,01). Se observó un valor de hidratación más bajo en D28 (P = 0.02) y D42 (P = 0.02) en el pabellón auricular. Los propietarios informaron de una respuesta buena a excelente y una administración fácil de usar. No hubo cambios significativos en la microbiota cutánea después de 28 días.
Conclusiones e importancia clínica
Hubo una disminución rápida y significativa de los signos clínicos asociados con la cAD después del uso del aerosol. Se necesitan estudios controlados, al azar y con mayor número de animales en el futuro para confirmar estos resultados y evaluar los efectos sobre la inmunidad cutánea y la microflora de los perros atópicos.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die canine atopische Dermatitis (cAD) ist eine häufige entzündliche und juckende Hauterkrankung, für die es verschiedene Behandlungsmöglichkeiten gibt. Die Verwendung von topischen Produkten, die natürliche Wirkstoffe beinhalten, haben sich als zunehmend beliebt gezeigt.
Ziel
Eine Evaluierung der Wirksamkeit einer Spraylösung, welche durch Hitze‐abgetötete Lactobacillus rhamnosus und l. reuteri beinhaltete, auf die klinischen Zeichen und die kutanen Mikrobiota der atopischen Hunde.
Tiere
Zehn private nicht‐saisonal atopische Hunde , die nur mild betroffen waren.
Methoden und Materialien
Der Spray wurde 28 Tage lang alle 24 h auf dem Ventrum aufgetragen. Klinische Werte, die Funktion der Hautbarriere und eine Beurteilung der BesitzerInnen wurde am Tag (D)0, D14, D28 und D42 evaluiert. Die kutanen Mikrobiota wurden am D0 und D28 analysiert.
Ergebnisse
Eine Reduzierung des klinischen Gesamtwerts wurde zu jedem Zeitpunkt festgestellt (D14, P = 0,03; D28, P = 0,04; D42, P = 0,001). Eine Reduzierung der lokalen klinischen Werte konnte nach D28 (P = 0,01) und D42 (P = 0,003) festgestellt werden. Eine signifikante Verminderung der Juckreizwerte wurde am D42 (P = 0,01) festgestellt. Ein niedrigerer Wert wurde am D28 (P = 0,02) an den Ohren festgestellt. Die BesitzerInnen berichteten von einer guten bis ausgezeichneten Reaktion und einer leichte Methode der Anwendung. In den kutanen Mikrobiota bestanden nach 28 Tagen keine signifikanten Unterschiede.
Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung
Nach Verwendung des Sprays gab es eine signifikante und rasche Abnahme der klinischen Zeichen der cAD. Es sind zukünftige, randomisierte, kontrollierte Studien nötig, um diese Ergebnisse zu bestätigen und die Auswirkungen auf die kutane Immunität und die Mikroflora atopischer Hunde zu bestätigen.
概要
背景
犬特应性皮炎(cAD)是一种常见的炎性和瘙痒性皮肤病, 有多种治疗选择。使用含有天然成分的外用产品已被证明越来越受欢迎。
目的
评价含有热灭活鼠李糖乳杆菌和罗伊氏乳杆菌的喷雾溶液对特应性患犬临床体征和皮肤微生物群的影响。
动物
10只轻度发病、非季节性特应性私家犬。
方法和材料
每24h将喷剂应用于腹部, 持续28天。在第0天(D)、D14、D28和D42进行临床和皮肤屏障功能评分和主人评分。在D0和D28分析皮肤微生物群。
结果
在每个时间点均观察到临床总评分降低(D14,P = 0.03;D28,P = 0.04;D42,P = 0.001)。D28(P = 0.01)和D42(P = 0.003)后观察到外部临床评分降低。在D42观察到瘙痒评分显著降低(P = 0.01)。在D28(P = 0.02)和D42(P = 0.02)观察到耳廓上的水合值较低。犬主人给出了良好至极佳的药效和给药方便的反馈。28天后皮肤菌群无明显变化。
结论和临床重要性
使用喷剂后, 与cAD相关的临床体征显著快速减少。未来需要更大规模、随机、对照研究来证实这些结果, 并评估对特应性犬皮肤免疫和微生物群落的影响。
要約
背景
犬アトピー性皮膚炎(cAD) は、一般的な炎症性および掻痒性皮膚疾患であり、さまざまな治療オプションがある。天然成分含有外用製品の使用はますます人気があることが証明されている。
目的
本研究の目的は、アトピー犬の臨床徴候と皮膚微生物叢に対する、熱殺菌したLactobacillus rhamnosuおよびL. reuteri含有スプレー液の効果を評価することであった。
被験動物
個人所有の、軽症、非季節性アトピー犬10頭。
材料と方法
スプレーを24時間ごとに28日間腹側に塗布した。臨床スコア、皮膚バリア機能、および所有者の評価を、 (D)0、D14、D28、およびD42日に評価した。皮膚微生物叢はD0およびD28に解析した。
結果
各時点で総臨床スコアの低下が見られた (D14、P = 0.03; D28、P = 0.04; D42、P = 0.001) 。 D28(P = 0.01) およびD42(P = 0.003) 後に、局部の臨床スコア低下が見られた。掻痒スコアの有意な低下がD42で見られた (P = 0.01) 。D28(P = 0.02)およびD42(P = 0.02) で、耳介のより低い水和値が見られた。所有者から良〜優れた反応および使いやすい管理が報告された。 28日後、皮膚微生物相に有意な変化は認められなかった。
結論と臨床的重要性
スプレー使用後、cADに関連する臨床徴候が有意かつ急速に減少した。これらの結果を確認し、アトピー犬の皮膚免疫および微生物叢への影響を評価するには、将来のより大規模なランダム化比較試験が必要である。
Resumo
Contexto
A dermatite atópica canina (DAC) é uma doença cutânea inflamatória e pruriginosa comum, com várias opções de tratamento. O uso de produtos tópicos contendo ingredientes naturais tem se mostrado cada vez mais popular.
Objetivo
Avaliar os efeitos de uma solução em spray contendo Lactobacillus rhamnosus e L. reuteri inativados pelo calor, nos os sinais clínicos e na microbiota cutânea de cães atópicos.
Animais
Dez cães atópicos não sazonais de propriedade privada, levemente afetados.
Métodos e materiais
O spray foi aplicado no abdômen a cada 24 horas por 28 dias. Escores clínicos, função de barreira cutânea e avaliação do proprietário foram avaliadas nos dias (D) 0, D14, D28 e D42. A microbiota cutânea foi analisada em D0 e D28.
Resultados
Observou‐se uma redução no escore clínico total em todos os momentos (D14, P = 0,03; D28, P = 0,04; D42, P = 0,001). Observou‐se uma redução nos escores clínicos regionais após D28 (P = 0,01) e D42 (P = 0,003). Uma redução significativa no escore de prurido foi observada no D42 (P = 0,01). Observou‐se um valor de hidratação inferior no D28 (P = 0,02) e no D42 (P = 0,02) no pavilhão auricula
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a long-lasting broad-spectrum plant defense mechanism induced in distal systemic tissues by mobile signals generated at the primary infection site. ...Despite the discoveries of multiple potential mobile signals, how these signals cooperate to trigger downstream SAR signaling is unknown. Here, we show that endogenous extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) eNAD(P) accumulates systemically upon pathogen infection and that both eNAD(P) and the lectin receptor kinase (LecRK), LecRK-VI.2, are required in systemic tissues for the establishment of SAR. Moreover, putative mobile signals, e.g., N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), trigger de novo systemic eNAD(P) accumulation largely through the respiratory burst oxidase homolog RBOHF-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, NHP-induced systemic immunity mainly depends on ROS, eNAD(P), LecRK-VI.2, and BAK1, indicating that NHP induces SAR primarily through the ROS-eNAD(P)-LecRK-VI.2/BAK1 signaling pathway. Our results suggest that mobile signals converge on eNAD(P) in systemic tissues to trigger SAR through LecRK-VI.2.
Artificially expanded genetic information systems (AEGISs) are unnatural forms of DNA that increase the number of independently replicating nucleotide building blocks. To do this, AEGIS pairs are ...joined by different arrangements of hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups, all while retaining their Watson–Crick geometries. We report here a unique case where AEGIS DNA has been used to execute a systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) experiment. This AEGIS–SELEX was designed to create AEGIS oligonucleotides that bind to a line of breast cancer cells. AEGIS–SELEX delivered an AEGIS aptamer (ZAP-2012) built from six different kinds of nucleotides (the standard G, A, C, and T, and the AEGIS nonstandard P and Z nucleotides, the last having a nitro functionality not found in standard DNA). ZAP-2012 has a dissociation constant of 30 nM against these cells. The affinity is diminished or lost when Z or P (or both) is replaced by standard nucleotides and compares well with affinities of standard GACT aptamers selected against cell lines using standard SELEX. The success of AEGIS–SELEX relies on various innovations, including (i) the ability to synthesize GACTZP libraries, (ii) polymerases that PCR amplify GACTZP DNA with little loss of the AEGIS nonstandard nucleotides, and (iii) technologies to deep sequence GACTZP DNA survivors. These results take the next step toward expanding the power and utility of SELEX and offer an AEGIS–SELEX that could possibly generate receptors, ligands, and catalysts having sequence diversities nearer to that displayed by proteins.
Lettuce is a highly perishable horticultural crop with a relatively short shelf-life that limits its commercial value and contributes to food waste. Postharvest senescence varies with influences of ...both environmental and genetic factors. From a larger pool of romaine lettuce genotypes, we identified three genotypes with variable shelf lives and evaluated their leaf morphology characteristics and transcriptomic profiles at preharvest to predict postharvest quality. Breeding line 60184 had the shortest shelf-life (SSL), cultivar 'Manatee' had an intermediate shelf-life (ISL), and 'Okeechobee' had the longest shelf-life (LSL). We observed significantly larger leaf lamina thickness and higher stomatal index in the SSL genotypes relative to the LSL cultivar. To identify molecular indicators of shelf-life, we used a transcriptional approach between two of the contrasting genotypes, breeding line 60184 and cultivar 'Okeechobee' at preharvest. We identified 552 upregulated and 315 downregulated differentially expressed genes between the genotypes, from which 27% of them had an Arabidopsis thaliana ortholog previously characterized as senescence associated genes (SAGs). Notably, we identified several SAGs including several related to jasmonate ZIM-domain jasmonic acid signaling, chlorophyll a-b binding, and cell wall modification including pectate lyases and expansins. This study presented an innovative approach for identifying preharvest molecular factors linked to postharvest traits for prolonged shelf.
The Arabidopsis thaliana Elongator complex subunit2 (ELP2) genetically interacts with NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1), a key transcription coactivator of plant immunity, and ...regulates the induction kinetics of defense genes. However, the mechanistic relationship between ELP2 and NPR1 and how ELP2 regulates the kinetics of defense gene induction are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that ELP2 is an epigenetic regulator required for pathogen-induced rapid transcriptome reprogramming. We show that ELP2 functions in a transcriptional feed-forward loop regulating both NPR1 and its target genes. An elp2 mutation increases the total methylcytosine number, reduces the average methylation levels of methylcytosines, and alters (increases or decreases) methylation levels of specific methylcytosines. Interestingly, infection of plants with the avirulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000/avrRpt2 induces biphasic changes in DNA methylation levels of NPR1 and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4), which encodes another key regulator of plant immunity. These dynamic changes are blocked by the elp2 mutation, which is correlated with delayed induction of NPR1 and PAD4. The elp2 mutation also reduces basal histone acetylation levels in the coding regions of several defense genes. Together, our data demonstrate a new role for Elongator in somatic DNA demethylation/methylation and suggest a function for Elongator-mediated chromatin regulation in pathogen-induced transcriptome reprogramming.
Citrus is commercially propagated via grafting, which ensures trees have consistent fruit traits combined with favorable traits from the rootstock such as soil adaptability, vigor, and resistance to ...soil pathogens. Graft incompatibility can occur when the scion and rootstock are not able to form a permanent, healthy union. Understanding and preventing graft incompatibility is of great importance in the breeding of new fruit cultivars and in the choice of scion and rootstock by growers. The rootstock US-1283, a citrandarin generated from a cross of “Ninkat” mandarin ( Citrus reticulata ) and “Gotha Road” #6 trifoliate orange ( Poncirus trifoliata ), was released after years of field evaluation because of its superior productivity and good fruit quality on “Hamlin” sweet orange ( C. sinensis ) under Florida’s growing conditions. Subsequently, it was observed that trees of “Bearss” lemon ( C. limon ) and “Valencia” sweet orange ( C. sinensis ) grafted onto US-1283 exhibited unhealthy growth near the graft union. The incompatibility manifested as stem grooving and necrosis underneath the bark on the rootstock side of the graft. Another citrandarin rootstock, US-812 ( C. reticulata “Sunki” × P. trifoliata “Benecke”), is fully graft compatible with the same scions. Transcriptome analysis was performed on the vascular tissues above and below the graft union of US-812 and US-1283 graft combinations with “Bearss” and “Valencia” to identify expression networks associated with incompatibility and help understand the processes and potential causes of incompatibility. Transcriptional reprogramming was stronger in the incompatible rootstock than in the grafted scions. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in US-1283, but not the scions, were associated with oxidative stress and plant defense, among others, similar to a pathogen-induced immune response localized to the rootstock; however, no pathogen infection was detected. Therefore, it is hypothesized that this response could have been triggered by signaling miscommunications between rootstock and scion either through (1) unknown molecules from the scion that were perceived as danger signals by the rootstock, (2) missing signals from the scion or missing receptors in the rootstock necessary for the formation of a healthy graft union, (3) the overall perception of the scion by the rootstock as non-self, or (4) a combination of the above.
(L.) is the primary vector of emergent mosquito-borne viruses, including chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. To understand how these viruses interact with their mosquito vectors, an ...analysis of the innate immune system response was conducted. The innate immune system is a conserved evolutionary defense strategy and is the dominant immune system response found in invertebrates and vertebrates, as well as plants. RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to compare target transcriptomes of two Florida
strains in response to chikungunya virus infection. We analyzed a strain collected from a field population in Key West, Florida, and a laboratory strain originating from Orlando. A total of 1835 transcripts were significantly expressed at different levels between the two Florida strains of
. Gene Ontology analysis placed these genes into 12 categories of biological processes, including 856 transcripts (up/down regulated) with more than 1.8-fold (
-adj (
-adjust value) ≤ 0.01). Transcriptomic analysis and q-PCR data indicated that the members of the
genes are important for chikungunya infection response in
. These immune-related enzymes that the chikungunya virus infection induces may inform molecular-based strategies for interruption of arbovirus transmission by mosquitoes.
We examined the proteomes of the recently formed natural allopolyploid Tragopogon mirus and its diploid parents (T. dubius, T. porrifolius), as well as a diploid F1 hybrid and synthetic T. mirus.
...Analyses using iTRAQ LC-MS/MS technology identified 476 proteins produced by all three species. Of these, 408 proteins showed quantitative additivity of the two parental profiles in T. mirus (both natural and synthetic); 68 proteins were quantitatively differentially expressed.
Comparison of F1 hybrid, and synthetic and natural polyploid T. mirus with the parental diploid species revealed 32 protein expression changes associated with hybridization, 22 with genome doubling and 14 that had occurred since the origin of T. mirus c. 80 yr ago. We found six proteins with novel expression; this phenomenon appears to start in the F1 hybrid and results from post-translational modifications.
Our results indicate that the impact of hybridization on the proteome is more important than is polyploidization. Furthermore, two cases of homeolog-specific expression in T. mirus suggest that silencing in T. mirus was not associated with hybridization itself, but occurred subsequent to both hybridization and polyploidization. This study has shown the utility of proteomics in the analysis of the evolutionary consequences of polyploidy.
A large, non-coding ATTCT repeat expansion causes the neurodegenerative disorder, spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10). In a subset of SCA10 patients, interruption motifs are present at the 5' end ...of the expansion and strongly correlate with epileptic seizures. Thus, interruption motifs are a predictor of the epileptic phenotype and are hypothesized to act as a phenotypic modifier in SCA10. Yet, the exact internal sequence structure of SCA10 expansions remains unknown due to limitations in current technologies for sequencing across long extended tracts of tandem nucleotide repeats. We used the third generation sequencing technology, Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) sequencing, to obtain full-length contiguous expansion sequences, ranging from 2.5 to 4.4 kb in length, from three SCA10 patients with different clinical presentations. We obtained sequence spanning the entire length of the expansion and identified the structure of known and novel interruption motifs within the SCA10 expansion. The exact interruption patterns in expanded SCA10 alleles will allow us to further investigate the potential contributions of these interrupting sequences to the pathogenic modification leading to the epilepsy phenotype in SCA10. Our results also demonstrate that SMRT sequencing is useful for deciphering long tandem repeats that pose as "gaps" in the human genome sequence.
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