In recent years, polymeric/polymerized ionic liquids or poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) were found to take an enabling role in some fields of polymer chemistry and material science. PILs combine the ...unique properties of ionic liquids with the flexibility and properties of macromolecular architectures and provide novel properties and functions that are of huge potential in a multitude of applications, including solid ionic conductor, powerful dispersant and stabilizer, absorbent, precursor for carbon materials, porous polymers, etc. So far, the preparation of PILs with various forms in cations and anions has mostly focused on the conventional free radical polymerization of IL monomers. Recent progress in the preparation of PILs via controlled/“living” radical polymerizations points out an unprecedented opportunity to precisely design and control macromolecular architecture of IL species on a meso-/nanoscale within a polymer matrix. There are also newly emerging polymerization techniques that have appeared for the preparation of PILs which have further pushed the limit of the design of PILs. In this review, we try to summarize the current preparative strategies of PILs, providing a systematic and actual view on the polymer chemistry behind. A discussion of the properties and applications of PILs constitutes the second part of this review.
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Poly(ionic liquid)s: An update Yuan, Jiayin; Mecerreyes, David; Antonietti, Markus
Progress in polymer science,
07/2013, Letnik:
38, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This review presents a literature survey of recent work on poly(ionic liquid)s or polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), a class of polyelectrolytes that has attracted rapidly increasing interest over the ...past few years. The review begins with a short explanation of the interconnection as well as the intrinsic differences between PILs and ionic liquids. Recently reported PIL homopolymers with new chemical structures and synthetic trends are introduced as a complement to the overall PIL synthesis schemes reported previously. In addition, block copolymers and colloidal particles of PILs are described, followed by a discussion of the limitations of PILs due to structural instability under certain conditions and the efforts to understand PIL physics. Examples of recent applications of PILs across a multitude of fields, such as thermoresponsive materials, carbon materials, catalysis, porous polymers, separation and absorption materials, and energy harvesting/generation as well as several biological applications are described in detail.
The past decade has witnessed rapid advances in porous polyelectrolytes and there is tremendous interest in their synthesis as well as their applications in environmental, energy, biomedicine, and ...catalysis technologies. Research on porous polyelectrolytes is motivated by the flexible choice of functional organic groups and processing technologies as well as the synergy of the charge and pores spanning length scales from individual polyelectrolyte backbones to their nano‐/micro‐superstructures. This Review surveys recent progress in porous polyelectrolytes including membranes, particles, scaffolds, and high surface area powders/resins as well as their derivatives. The focus is the interplay between surface chemistry, Columbic interaction, and pore confinement that defines new chemistry and physics in such materials for applications in energy conversion, molecular separation, water purification, sensing/actuation, catalysis, tissue engineering, and nanomedicine.
Polymers with pores: Porous polyelectrolytes are increasingly being used for environmental, energy, biomedical, and catalysis applications. This Review focuses on how the synergy of pores and charge brings about new functionalities and opportunities.
In recent years a subclass of polyelectrolytes named poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) have attracted intensive interest in the field of polymer and materials science due to some of their unusual physical ...properties, compared to traditional polyelectrolytes. They are characterized as multifunctional polyelectrolytes in a wide application spectrum, such as solid ion conductor, separation, sorption, catalysis, membrane, and many more. PIL colloidal particles, including nanoparticles, nanogels, micelles, and core–shell nanocomposite particles, are an important part of the PIL research. Herein, the chemical structure, preparation method and application examples of the colloidal PIL systems are summarized along with an intensive discussion of their advantages and limitations in some specific cases. Micelles formed from PIL homopolymer and copolymer in selective conditions are given a detailed description. At the end, the employment of PIL polymers to stabilize carbon materials to form a colloid dispersion of carbon nanostructures has been particularly emphasized.
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•This article reviews the chemical structure, preparation method and application examples of the PIL colloidal particles.•Different forms of PIL colloids like spherical micro-/nanoparticles, micro/nanogels, vesicles, and nanoworms are described.•Various types of particle-forming PIL homo-/copolymers exhibiting a LCST-like character are presented.•PIL colloidal particles can serve as a stabilizer and a source of carbon materials.
Herein we introduce a straightforward, low cost, scalable, and technologically relevant method to manufacture an all‐carbon, electroactive, nitrogen‐doped nanoporous‐carbon/carbon‐nanotube composite ...membrane, dubbed “HNCM/CNT”. The membrane is demonstrated to function as a binder‐free, high‐performance gas diffusion electrode for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to formate. The Faradaic efficiency (FE) for the production of formate is 81 %. Furthermore, the robust structural and electrochemical properties of the membrane endow it with excellent long‐term stability.
Carbon in carbon: A versatile and straightforward method was introduced to fabricate N‐doped hierarchical‐carbon/carbon‐nanotube membrane, which can be directly utilized as a highly active, selective, and stable diffusion electrode for CO2 reduction to formate in aqueous media.
The synthesis of poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) nanoparticles grafted with a poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) brush shell is reported, which shows responsiveness to temperature and ionic strength in ...an aqueous solution. The PIL nanoparticles are first prepared via aqueous dispersion polymerization of a vinyl imidazolium‐based ionic liquid monomer, which is purposely designed to bear a distal atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiating group attached to the long alkyl chain via esterification reaction. The size of the PIL nanoparticles can be readily tuned from 25 to 120 nm by polymerization at different monomer concentrations. PNIPAM brushes are successfully grafted from the surface of the poly(ionic liquid) nanoparticles via ATRP. The stimuli‐responsive behavior of the poly(ionic liquid) nanoparticles grafted with PNIPAM brushes (NP‐g‐PNIPAM) in aqueous phase is studied in detail. Enhanced colloidal stability of the NP‐g‐PNIPAM brush particles at high ionic strength compared to pure PIL nanoparticles at room temperature is achieved. Above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAM, the brush particles remain stable, but a decrease in hydrodynamic radius due to the collapse of the PNIPAM brush onto the PIL nanoparticle surface is observed.
A vinylimidazolium‐based ionic liquid monomer (ILM) is purposely designed to bear a distal ATRP initiating group. This ILM allows for the preparation of PIL nanoparticles and the following covalent grafting of poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) brushes at the nanoparticle surface. The as‐synthesized brush particles show responsiveness to temperature and ionic strength in an aqueous solution.
Abstract
Membrane-based water treatment processes offer possibility to alleviate the water scarcity dilemma in energy-efficient and sustainable ways, this has been exemplified in filtration membranes ...assembled from two-dimensional (2D) materials for water desalination purposes. Most representatives however tend to swell or disintegrate in a hydrated state, making precise ionic or molecular sieving a tough challenge. Here we report that the chemically robust 2D carbon nitride can be activated using aluminum polycations as pillars to modulate the interlayer spacing of the conjugated framework, the noncovalent interaction concomitantly affords a well-interlinked lamellar structure, to be carefully distinguished from random stacking patterns in conventional carbon nitride membranes. The conformally packed membrane is characterized by adaptive subnanochannel and structure integrity to allow excellent swelling resistance, and breaks permeability-selectivity trade-off limit in forward osmosis due to progressively regulated transport passage, achieving high salt rejection (>99.5%) and water flux (6 L m
−2
h
−1
), along with tunable permeation behavior that enables water gating in acidic and alkaline environments. These findings position carbon nitride a rising building block to functionally expand the 2D membrane library for applications in water desalination and purification scenarios.
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