The engineering of intermolecular interaction is challenging but critical for magnetically switchable molecules. Here, we prepared two cyanide‐bridged Fe4Co4 cube complexes via the alkynyl‐ and ...alcohol‐functionalized trispyrazoyl capping ligands. The alkynyl‐functionalized complex 1 exhibited a thermally‐induced incomplete metal‐to‐metal electron transfer (MMET) behaviour at around 220 K, while the mixed alkynyl/alcohol‐functionalized cube of 2 showed a complete and abrupt MMET behaviour at 232 K. Remarkably, both compounds showed a long‐lived photo‐induced metastable state up to 200 K. The crystallographic study demonstrated that the incomplete transition of 1 was likely due to the possible elastic frustration originating from the competition between the anion‐propagated elastic interactions and inter‐cluster alkynyl‐alkynyl & CH‐alkynyl interactions, whereas the latter are eliminated in 2 as a result of the partial substitution by the alcohol‐functionalized ligand. Additionally, the introduction of chemically distinguishable cobalt centers within the cube unit of 2 did not lead to a two‐step but a one‐step transition, possibly because of the strong ferroelastic intramolecular interaction through the cyanide bridges.
Two cyanide‐bridged Fe4Co4 cubes were prepared via a mixed‐ligand approach. The molecular origins of their distinct (incomplete vs. complete) metal‐to‐metal electron transfer (MMET) properties were identified as the presence and absence of the inter‐cluster alkynyl‐alkynyl and CH/π interactions. These compete with the cluster‐anion interactions, resulting in the underlying elastic frustration and stopping the complete spin transition in 1.
Stress-induced neuroinflammation was considered to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of depression. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a relatively non-invasive ...alternative treatment for patients suffering from major depressive disorder. The anti-inflammatory signal of vagus nerve is mediated by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAchR), and the hippocampus, the region with the most distribution of α7nAchR, regulates emotions. Here, we investigated the role of α7nAchR mediating hippocampal neuroinflammation in taVNS antidepressant effect though homozygous α7nAChR (-/-) gene knockout and α7nAchR antagonist (methyllycaconitine, MLA).
There were control, model, taVNS, α7nAChR(-/-) + taVNS, hippocampus (Hi) MLA + taVNS and Hi saline + taVNS groups. We used the chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) method to establish depressive model rats for 42 days, excepting control group. After the successful modeling, except the control and model, the rats in the other groups were given taVNS, which was applied through an electroacupuncture apparatus at the auricular concha (2/15 Hz, 2 mA, 30 min/days) for 21 days. Behavioral tests were conducted at baseline, after modeling and after taVNS intervention, including sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST). These tests are widely used to evaluate depression-like behavior in rats. The samples were taken after experiment, the expressions of α7nAchR, NF-κB p65, IL-1β and the morphology of microglia were detected.
Depression-like behavior and hippocampal neuroinflammation in CUMS model rats were manifested by down-regulated expression of α7nAchR, up-regulated expression of NF-κB p65 and IL-1β, and the morphology of microglia was in amoebic-like activated state. TaVNS could significantly reverse the above-mentioned phenomena, but had rare improvement effect for α7nAChR(-/-) rats and Hi MLA rats.
The antidepressant effect of taVNS is related to hippocampal α7nAchR/NF-κB signal pathway.
In this paper, based on fractional calculus, the fractional-order memristor, an arbitrary-order fracmemristor, is proposed to be implemented in the form of a lattice scaling analog circuit. Since the ...concept of the memristor is generalized from the classic integer-order memristor to that of the fractional-order memristor, fracmemristor, it is natural to ponder a challenging theoretical problem to propose a circuit theoretic methodology to achieve an arbitrary-order memristor by using the ordinary memristor and capacitor or inductor in the form of an analog circuit. Motivated by this need, in this paper, we propose an interesting analog circuit implementation method of an arbitrary-order memristor. The first step is the proposal for a novel feasible analog circuit implementation of an arbitrary-order lattice scaling fracmemristor. In particular, the hardware achievement of this arbitrary-order lattice scaling fracmemristor is mathematically derived and analyzed in detail. Second, the approximation performance, electrical characteristics, especially fingerprints, and analog circuit achievement of an arbitrary-order fracmemristor are experimentally analyzed in detail, respectively. The main contribution of this paper is the first proposal for the preliminary attempt of a feasible hardware achievement of an arbitrary-order fracmemristor and for the recognition of the fingerprints of fracmemristor.
Ordered porous solid-state architectures constructed via non-covalent supramolecular self-assembly have attracted increasing interest due to their unique advantages and potential applications. Porous ...metal-coordination organic frameworks (MOFs) are generated by the assembly of metal coordination centers and organic linkers. Compared to MOFs, porous hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are readily purified and recovered via simple recrystallization. However, due to lacking of sufficiently ability to orientate self-aggregation of building motifs in predictable manners, rational design and preparation of porous HOFs are still challenging. Herein, we summarize recent developments about porous HOFs and attempt to gain deeper insights into the design strategies of basic building motifs.
In this study, impacts of nanoplastic on the pure and mixed anaerobic digestion systems were investigated. Results showed the growth and metabolism of Acetobacteroides hydrogenigenes were partly ...inhibited by nanoplastic existed in the pure anaerobic digestion system. The anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was also obviously inhibited by nanoplastic existed in the mixed anaerobic digestion system. Both the methane yield and methane production rate of the mixed anaerobic digestion system showed negative correlation with the nanoplastic concentration. Compared with anaerobic digestion system without nanoplastic, methane yield and maximum daily methane yield at the nanoplastic concentration of 0.2g/L decreased for 14.4% and 40.7%, respectively. In addition, the start-up of mixed anaerobic digestion system was prolonged by addition of nanoplastic. Microbial community structure analysis indicated the microbial community structures were also affected by nanoplastic existed in the system. At the nanoplastic concentration of 0.2g/L, the relative abundances of family Cloacamonaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Anaerolinaceae and Gracilibacteraceae decreased partly. Conversely, the relative abundances of family Anaerolinaceae, Clostridiaceae, Geobacteraceae, Dethiosulfovibrionaceae and Desulfobulbaceae improved partly.
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•Impacts of nanoplastic on anaerobic digestion system was investigated•Exposure to nanoplastic leads to inhibition of anaerobic digestion system•The inhibitory effect was positive correlation with nonaplastic's concentration•Different microorganism showed unequal response to nanoplastic
In this paper, we intend to implement a class of fractional differential masks with high-precision. Thanks to two commonly used definitions of fractional differential for what are known as ...Grumwald-Letnikov and Riemann-Liouville, we propose six fractional differential masks and present the structures and parameters of each mask respectively on the direction of negative x-coordinate, positive x-coordinate, negative y-coordinate, positive y-coordinate, left downward diagonal, left upward diagonal, right downward diagonal, and right upward diagonal. Moreover, by theoretical and experimental analyzing, we demonstrate the second is the best performance fractional differential mask of the proposed six ones. Finally, we discuss further the capability of multiscale fractional differential masks for texture enhancement. Experiments show that, for rich-grained digital image, the capability of nonlinearly enhancing complex texture details in smooth area by fractional differential-based approach appears obvious better than by traditional integral-based algorithms.
Organic nitrates are broadly applied as pharmaceuticals (acting as efficient nitric oxide donor), energetic materials, building blocks in organic synthesis, etc. However, practical and direct methods ...to access organic nitrates efficiently are still rare, mainly due to the lack of powerful nitrooxylating reagents. Herein, we report bench‐stable and highly reactive noncyclic hypervalent iodine nitrooxylating reagents, oxybis(aryl‐λ3‐iodanediyl) dinitrates (OAIDNs, 2), which are prepared just by using aryliodine diacetate and HNO3. The reagents are used to achieve a mild and operationally simple protocol to access diverse organic nitrates. By employing of 2, zinc‐catalyzed regioselective nitrooxylation of cyclopropyl silyl ethers is realized efficiently to access the corresponding β‐nitrooxy ketones with high functional‐group tolerance. Moreover, a series of direct and catalyst‐free nitrooxylations of enolizable C−H bonds are carried out smoothly to afford the desired organic nitrates within minutes by just mixing the substrates with 2 in dichloromethane.
A bench‐stable and highly reactive noncyclic hypervalent iodine nitrooxylating reagent is prepared from aryliodine diacetate and HNO3. This reagent facilitates the zinc‐catalyzed regioselective nitrooxylation of cyclopropyl silyl ethers with broad scope, and also can be used in the nitrooxylation of various enolizable C−H bonds.
Summary
Haploidentical allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo‐HSCT) is a significant alternative treatment for severe aplastic anaemia (SAA). To improve this process by modifying ...the risk stratification system, we conducted a retrospective study using our database. 432 SAA patients who received haplo‐HSCT between 2006 and 2020 were enrolled. These patients were divided into a training (n = 288) and a validation (n = 144) subset randomly. In the training cohort, longer time from diagnosis to transplantation, poorer Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status and higher haematopoietic cell transplantation‐specific comorbidity index (HCT‐CI) score were independent risk factors for worse treatment‐related mortality (TRM) in the final multivariable model. The haplo‐HSCT scoring system was developed by these three parameters. Three‐year TRM after haplo‐HSCT were 6% 95% confidence interval (CI), 1–21%, 21% (95% CI, 7–40%), and 47% (95% CI, 20–70%) for the low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk group, respectively (P < 0·0001). In the validation cohort, the haplo‐HSCT scoring system also separated patients into three risk groups with increasing risk of TRM: intermediate‐risk hazard ratio (HR) 2·45, 95% CI, 0·92–6·53 and high‐risk (HR 11·74, 95% CI, 3·07–44·89) compared with the low‐risk group (P = 0·001). In conclusion, the haplo‐HSCT scoring system could effectively predict TRM after transplantation.
Origin traceability is important for controlling the effect of Chinese medicinal materials and Chinese patent medicines.
var.
is widely distributed and well-known all over the world. In our study, ...two spectroscopic techniques (Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) and near-infrared (NIR)) were applied for the geographical origin traceability of 196 wild
samples combined with low-, mid-, and high-level data fusion strategies. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and random forest (RF) were used to establish classification models. Feature variables extraction (principal component analysis-PCA) and important variables selection models (recursive feature elimination and Boruta) were applied for geographical origin traceability, while the classification ability of models with the former model is better than with the latter. FT-MIR spectra are considered to contribute more than NIR spectra. Besides, the result of high-level data fusion based on principal components (PCs) feature variables extraction is satisfactory with an accuracy of 100%. Hence, data fusion of FT-MIR and NIR signals can effectively identify the geographical origin of wild
.
The brown-rot fungi play an important role in forest ecosystems; they can degrade celluloses and hemicelluloses of wood and maintain nutrient cycling. Some of the brown-rot fungi also have important ...economic value as medicinal or edible mushrooms. Recent studies showed that the ability to produce brown rot has evolved independently at least five times. Nevertheless, the Polyporales contains the vast majority of the species of the brown-rot fungi. In this study, the classification system of the brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales is revised. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships of brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales are analysed based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU), the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences (mtSSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). The study showed that the brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales formed fourteen lineages, which are assigned at family level, including four new families: Auriporiaceae, Piptoporellaceae, Postiaceae, Taiwanofungaceae, and ten existing families: Adustoporiaceae, Dacryobolaceae, Fibroporiaceae, Fomitopsidaceae, Laetiporaceae, Laricifomitaceae, Phaeolaceae, Pycnoporellaceae, Sarcoporiaceae, and Sparassidaceae. Meanwhile, eleven new genera, viz.,
Austroporia
,
Aurantipostia
,
Austropostia
,
Daedalella
,
Nothofagiporus
,
Pseudoantrodia
,
Pseudofomitopsis
,
Rhodoantrodia
,
Tenuipostia
,
Wolfiporiella
and
Wolfiporiopsis
are proposed; eighteen new species, viz.,
Amyloporia nivea
,
Antrodia subheteromorpha
,
Aurantipostia macrospora
,
Austropostia hirsuta
,
A. plumbea
,
A. subpunctata
,
Cystidiopostia subhibernica
,
Daedalella micropora
,
Fuscopostia subfragilis
,
Lentoporia subcarbonica
,
Melanoporia tropica
,
Neolentiporus tropicus
,
Phaeolus fragilis
,
Postia crassicontexta
,
Pseudoantrodia monomitica
,
Pseudofomitopsis microcarpa
,
Resinoporia luteola
and
Rhodonia subrancida
are described; and twelve new combinations, viz.,
Austroporia stratosa
,
Austropostia brunnea
,
A. pelliculosa
,
A. punctata
,
Nothofagiporus venatus
,
Rhodoantrodia tropica
,
R. yunnanensis
,
Tenuipostia dissecta
,
Wolfiporiella cartilaginea
,
W. curvispora
,
W. dilatohypha
and
Wolfiporiopsis castanopsidis
, are proposed. Illustrated descriptions of the new species are provided. Notes on the genera of brown-rot fungi within the Polyporales are provided.
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