Yersinia ruckeri causes important economic losses for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms worldwide. This bacterial disease is likely the most common among trout in Peru; however, no commercial ...vaccine is available nationally, which is, in part, due to a lack of information on the bacterium. The aim of the current study was to characterize 29 Y. ruckeri isolates sampled from seven cage‐reared farms in the Puno Region, the focal point for aquaculture activities in Peru. For this, samples were taken from fish with clinical signs (i.e. haemorrhages, uni‐ or bilateral exophthalmia, hyphaemia and/or melanosis). Notable among our findings was the existence of both Y. ruckeri biotype 1 (9 isolates) and biotype 2 (20 isolates; negative for sorbitol and Tween 80). The isolates further differed in API profiles 5307100 (21 isolates), 1307100 (4 isolates), 1305100 (2 isolates), 1307120 (1 isolate) and 5305100 (1 isolate), with the main differences being in the tests for lysine decarboxylase, gelatine hydrolysis and D‐saccharose fermentation. Despite these differences, all isolates shared identical ERIC‐PCR and REP‐PCR profiles and belonged to the O1a serotype. Fingerprints were identical to the reference strain CECT 955 (serotype O1a). The information obtained will be used for epidemiological purposes by health authorities and for the development of a vaccine against Y. ruckeri, a prominent request made by fish farmers in Peru.
Diphyllobothriosis, a fish-borne zoonosis in South America, is mainly caused by the Pacific broad tapeworm
Adenocephalus pacificus
Nybelin, 1931, a parasite of considerable concern in fishery ...resources due to its impact on public health. A new diphyllobothrid,
Diphyllobothrium sprakeri
Hernández-Orts et al. Parasites Vectors 14:219, 2021, was recently described from sea lions from the Pacific Coast, but marine fish acting as intermediate hosts are unknown. The objective of this study was to confirm the presence of plerocercoid larvae of Diphyllobothriidae Lühe, 1910 (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) in nine fish species of commercial importance in Peru. Of a total of 6999 fish (5861
Engraulis ringens
, 853
Sciaena deliciosa
, 6
Sciaena callaensis
, 171
Scomber japonicus,
40
Trachurus murphyi,
40
Ariopsis seemanni,
18
Merluccius peruanus,
5
Sarda chiliensis
, and 5
Coryphaena hippurus
), 183 were infected with plerocercoid larvae, representing a total prevalence of 2.61% and a mean intensity of 3.2. Based on mtDNA
cox1
sequences of 43 plerocercoids, a phylogenetic analysis revealed that 41 belong to
A
.
pacificus
and two to
D
.
sprakeri.
These findings are first molecular data for
D
.
sprakeri
larvae, and the infections of
E. ringens
and
T. murphyi
by plerocercoid larvae represent the first records of intermediate/paratenic hosts for this species. Hence, the findings of the current study enhance our understanding of the presence of diphyllobothriid species in commercial fish from the Southeastern Pacific Ocean and their potential impact on seafood safety for local human populations.
Aeromonas bacteria can cause an infection characterized by septicemia and is one of the most common pathogens in tropical fish. This disease is responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates, ...causing considerable losses in aquaculture. Thus, the understanding of its pathophysiology is crucial to develop control strategies of this bacterial infection in farmed fish. This study aimed to characterize early pathological aspects of acute sepsis in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. A total of 160 juvenile pacus were inoculated intraperitoneally with A. hydrophila (1.78 x 109 CFU/mL) and at 0 (control), 1, 3, 6, and 9 hours post-inoculation (hpi), animals were anesthetized and samples were collected for microbiological, light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyzes. The results showed the occurrence of hemodynamic alterations, such as hemorrhage and congestion, which were observed mainly after 6 and 9 hpi. It was possible to re-isolate Aeromonas at all sampling times except in control group. However, just after 9 hpi it was possible to find the bacteria in all fish and tissues. Light microscopy analyses revealed a degenerative process, necrosis and vascular damage mainly at 6 and 9 hpi. According to the ultrastructural examination, areas of cellular death were identified in all examined tissues, especially at 6 and 9 hpi. However, the most severe, related to necrosis, were observed after 6 and 9 hpi. The findings suggested that this bacterium spreads in the first hpi through the fish organs, mainly affecting spleen, liver and kidney, causing irreversible lesions at the molecular level.
Tilapia is one of the most important farmed fish in the world and the most cultivated in Brazil. The increase of this farming favors the appearance of diseases, including bacterial diseases. ...Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal activity of copaiba oil, Copaifera duckei, against Streptococcus agalactiae and Flavobacterium columnare and the dietary effect of copaiba oil on zootechnical performance, hematological, biochemical, immunological, and histological analysis before and after an intraperitoneal infection (body cavity) with S. agalactiae in Nile tilapia. For this, fish were randomly distributed into 15 fiber tanks in five treatments (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0%) and fed with a commercial diet supplemented with copaiba oil for 30 days. After this period, the fish were randomly redistributed for the experimental challenge with S. agalactiae into six treatments (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5), the fish were anesthetized, and blood samples were collected to assess hematological, biochemical, immunological, and histological parameters. Copaiba oil showed bactericidal activity against Streptococcus spp. and Flavobacterium spp. in vitro. In addition, concentrations of 0.75 and 1.0% of copaiba oil have an anti-inflammatory effect and improve hematological and immunological parameters, increasing leukocyte numbers, albumin, and serum lytic activity. Furthermore, there is an increase in the intestinal villus length and tissue damage in groups at concentrations of 0.75 and 1.0% of copaiba oil. In conclusion, copaiba oil presented bactericidal activity against Streptococcus spp. and Flavobacterium spp. in vitro, and oral supplementation at concentrations of 0.75 and 1.0% compared to the control group enhanced non-specific immune parameters and digestibility in Nile Tilapia.
The aim of this study was to investigate glycoconjugate immunostaining of the biotinylated lectins: UEA -
Ulex europaeus
(gorse), PNA -
Arachis hypogaea
(peanut), HPA -
Helix pomatia
(Roman snail), ...and DBA -
Dolichos biflorus
, in normal mammary glands (control;
n
= 7), mammary neoplasms (
n
= 111), and mammary neoplasm metastasis (
n
= 10). One hundred twenty-eight mammary gland tissue samples were used; 7 samples without history of neoplasms (control). The remaining samples (121) were mammary neoplasms or metastasis. In all cases (UEA, HPA, PNA, and DBA), the binding to normal epithelium was uniform. The immunohistochemical marking was in the membrane and cytoplasm of epithelial cells in most of the cases. Large variations of binding between cell membranes, cytoplasm, and nuclei occurred in the neoplastic and metastatic tissues. Though lacking statistical differences, UEA, PNA, HPA, and DBA lectins revealed different marking patterns between tissues, being metastatic foci less marked in comparison with normal and neoplastic mammary gland tissues. In addition, there were no significant differences in the immunostaining of lectins between tumors where HPA was the most expressed in papillary carcinoma I, PNA in papillary carcinoma II, DBA in carcinosarcoma, and HPA and DBA in mixed carcinoma. It was concluded that the lectins have diagnostic potential and they have been useful for differentiation between normal and neoplastic breast tissue of metastatic foci in mammary tumor in dogs.
Aeromonosis is an infectious disease of high occurrence in captive fish. It manifests mainly as hemorrhagic septicemia. This study aimed to evaluate the physiopathology manifestations of septic ...aeromonosis in
Piaractus mesopotamicus
, considering its clinical manifestations, mortality rates, anatomopathology, and anti-iNOS immunolabeling in the brain. Fish were inoculated in the coelomic cavity with increasing concentrations of
A. hydrophila
: 1.5 × 10
8
; 1.8 × 10
8
; 2.1 × 10
8
; 2.4 × 10
8
; 2.7 × 10
8
CF mL
−1
, histopathology, and anti-iNOS immunolabeling in brain. The animals present erratic swimming (swirling), depigmentation, petechiae, skin suffusions, and high mortality rates up to 100% according to the inoculum concentration. The DL50-96 h was estimated in 1.806 × 10
8
CFU mL
−1
. Fish inoculated with 2.1 × 10
8
CFU mL
−1
presented 100% mortality rate. Fish presented neurological signs, congestion, extensive hemorrhage, and glial cells activity confirmed by the anti-iNOS labelling. In addition, the inoculated bacteria was reisolated from the brains. The results demonstrated that aeromonosis physiopathology is multifactorial and the observed neurological signs were caused by the inoculated bacteria. These findings highlight the need for differential diagnosis with other infections that produce encephalitis.
The aim of this study was to isolate and identify Aeromonas species, characterize their virulence genes factors, and to evaluate their lethality in Piaractus brachypomus. Presumptive Aeromonas ...(n = 34) were selected from 44 bacteria retrieved from diseased Amazonian fish. Nineteen isolates were chosen based on fish species, group, the location where were isolated, and colony morphology. Isolates were biochemically and molecularly identified as Aeromonas hydrophila, A. dhakensis, A. veronii, A. jandaei, and A. caviae using API 20E, API 20NE and the analysis of 16 S rRNA and gyrB genes, respectively. Eight virulences genes (aer, altA, act, hly, ser, lip, fla ahyB) were found in one A. dhakensis and two A. hydrophila isolates. A. veronii, A. jandaei, and another two A. hydrophila isolates harbored four, two and three virulence genes, respectively. All A. caviae were fla +, ahyB + and lip +, except two isolates that also presented ser and altA. P. brachypomus (9 ± 1 cm), infected intraperitoneally (4 ×106, 4 ×107, and 4 ×108 CFU/fish), showed susceptibility to all Aeromonas species, each harboring a different virulence genes profile. Both A. hydrophila and A. dhakensis caused > 80% mortality at the lowest evaluated concentration (∼106 CFU/fish). A. veronii and A. jandaei isolates produced 20% and 70% mortality, respectively, using ∼107 CFU/fish, but with lower intensity compared to A. hydrophila and A. dhakensis. At the highest concentration (∼108 CFU/fish), A. veronii caused 70% mortality, while A. caviae isolates caused mortality ranging from 50% to 80%. Remarkably, A. jandei resulted in 100% mortality at this level, similar to A. hydrophila and A. dhakensis. This report confirms the variety of Aeromonas species infecting farmed native Amazonian fish. The study also suggests that virulence genes evaluated in Aeromonas species may not always be an indicator of virulence. Moreover, P. brachypomus, an economically important aquaculture fish species could be susceptible not only to the high mentioned A. hydrophila but also to other less observed species such as A. dhakensis, A. veronii, A. jandaei, and A. caviae, bacteria that should be taken into account in health surveillance for the implementation of aquaculture disease prevention strategies.
Uncaria tomentosa is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine by Amazon tribes. In this study the constituents of aqueous extract of U. tomentosa bark were quantified by chromatographic technique and ...its lethal concentration 50 (48 h) in Hyphessobrycon eques was determined. The chromatography showed high levels of oxindole alkaloids, quinovic acid glycosides, and low molecular weight polyphenols. The CL50 48 h was 1816 mg/L. Fish showed behavior changes at concentrations above 2000 mg/L, accompanied by a significant decrease of dissolved oxygen. At the highest concentration 100% mortality was observed attributed to oxygen reduction by the amount of oxindole alkaloids, polyphenols accumulation of the extract in the gills, and the interaction of these compounds with dopamine. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of U. tomentosa did not alter the chemical components and it was shown that U. tomentosa has low toxicity to H. eques; therefore, it can be used safely in this species.
Se describen dos casos de caninos infectados con Hepatozoon canis en la ciudad de Cúcuta, Colombia. La primera paciente de 18 meses de edad llegó a consulta con vómitos, anorexia y pérdida progresiva ...de peso. En el segundo caso se pretendía realizar ovariohisterectomía preventiva, pero en los exámenes clínicos prequirúrgicos presentó anemia. Para los dos casos, el diagnóstico fue mediante extendido sanguíneo, observado a 100X. Para el segundo caso, el diagnóstico se confirmó con la prueba de PCR. El tratamiento instaurado fue sintomático, usando fármacos como oxitetraciclina y doxiciclina. Este es el primer reporte de hepatozoonosis en la ciudad de Cúcuta.
PDF
