Leaf-cutting ants are the most important pests in several cropping systems in the Neotropics. Granulated baits containing active ingredients, considered hazardous by the Stockholm Convention, are the ...usual method to control these ants. Isocycloseram is a new insecticide molecule with high safety margin for mammals, but without registration for the ants in general. Thus, this study investigated the effectiveness of granulated baits with isocycloseram in leaf-cutting ants control under laboratory and field conditions. Initially, the mortality of Atta sexdens workers, fed with dehydrated citrus pulp paste containing different concentrations of isocycloseram was evaluated in the laboratory for 21 days, for toxicological classification. Subsequently, the loading, devolution, and incorporation of baits with different concentrations of isocycloseram and the mortality of A. sexdens colonies were evaluated in the laboratory. After that, the percentages of loading and devolution of baits, foraging activity, and colony mortality treated with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% of isocycloseram were evaluated for the species A. sexdens, A. laevigata, and Acromyrmex lundii in field conditions. All concentrations of isocycloseram killed more than 15% of ants in 24 h and more than 90% in 21 days in the laboratory, being classified as a fast-acting and highly effective active ingredient. Baits with 0.001 to 0.03% of isocycloseram were highly loaded and exhibited low rate of devolution. The mortality of A. sexdens colony was higher at concentrations between 0.075 and 0.3%, in the laboratory. Baits containing isocycloseram at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3% were highly loaded, presented low devolution rates, and were highly efficient in controlling A. sexdens, A. laevigata, and A. lundii in the field, at dosages of 6, 10, and 12 g/m² of nest. This is the first report of the use of isocycloseram against leaf-cutting ants, contributing to the development of efficient and toxicologically safer ant baits.
Marelli (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the main defoliating beetle of
L'Hér. (Myrtaceae) plants worldwide. The suitability of
to this pest varies among host plant genotypes. The objective of this ...study was to evaluate the development, reproduction, and survival of
on
species and hybrids to assess their suitability to this insect pest in Brazil.
The survival, development, and reproduction parameters were evaluated with
feeding leaves of
Dehnh.,
W. Hill.,
S.T. Blake and on the hybrids of
×
'H13' and 'VR3748' in the laboratory.
The duration of the larval stage of
was shorter on
The pupal stage and the period from larva to adult were equally shorter on
and
. The viability of instars of this insect was low on both
and
. The complete lifespan, oviposition period and reproduction parameters of
were greater on
, lower on
and
, and intermediate on both hybrids tested.
is the most suitable host for
survival, development, and reproduction, while
and
are the least suitable.
Leaf-cutting ants of the genus Atta are an important insect pest in forest plantations in many countries of South America. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential for using Landsat-8 ...images, with medium spatial resolution and distributed free of charge, to detect leaf-cutting ant nests in Tectona grandis plantations in Brazil, using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The regression model adjusted by PLS-DA selected three principal components with a cross-validation error of 0.275 to map and predict the presence of leaf-cutting ant nests in these plantations. The most important bands and vegetation indices were selected using the main variables in the projection (VIP) and predicted pixels with the presence or absence of leaf-cutting ant nests with an accuracy of 72.3% on an independent validation data set. The study indicates that Landsat-8 OLI images have the potential to detect and map leaf-cutting ant nests in T. grandis plantations.
Brazilian forest producers have developed integrated management programs to increase the effectiveness of the control of leaf-cutting ants of the genera Atta and Acromyrmex. These measures reduced ...the costs and quantity of insecticides used in the plantations. Such integrated management programs are based on monitoring the ant nests, as well as the need and timing of the control methods. Chemical control employing baits is the most commonly used method, however, biological, mechanical and cultural control methods, besides plant resistance, can reduce the quantity of chemicals applied in the plantations.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to evaluate the damage caused by Acromyrmex heyeri Forel, 1899 and Acromyrmex lobicornis Emery, 1887 to Pinus taeda L. seedlings during the first two months ...after replanting. The experiment was conducted in the company Bosques del Plata, located in the province of Corrientes, Argentina. The evaluations were carried out at seven, 14, 21, 36, 50 and 65 days after replanting the seedlings, when the number of dead, alive, non-attacked, alive deneedled, and alive deneedled with cuts/damage to the apical bud by leaf-cutting ants was quantified. The results allow us to conclude that A. heyeri and A. lobicornis are responsible for losses to the order of 20.8% of the seedlings in an initial P. taeda stand at 65 days. The damage caused to seedlings by the two leaf-cutting ant species is constant over time, in which A. lobicornis is more voracious than A. heyeri.
Although several ant species are important targets for the development of molecular control strategies, only a few studies focus on identifying and validating reference genes for quantitative reverse ...transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) data normalization. We provide here an extensive study to identify and validate suitable reference genes for gene expression analysis in the ant
, a threatening agricultural pest in South America. The optimal number of reference genes varies according to each sample and the result generated by RefFinder differed about which is the most suitable reference gene. Results suggest that the
,
and
genes were the best reference genes in the sample pool according to stability values. The
gene expression pattern was stable in all evaluated sample set. In contrast, when using less stable reference genes for normalization a large variability in
gene expression was recorded. There is no universal reference gene suitable for all conditions under analysis, since these genes can also participate in different cellular functions, thus requiring a systematic validation of possible reference genes for each specific condition. The choice of reference genes on
gene normalization confirmed that unstable reference genes might drastically change the expression profile analysis of target candidate genes.
Human activities pose a major threat to tropical forest biodiversity and ecosystem services. Although the impacts of deforestation are well studied, multiple land-use and land-cover transitions ...(LULCTs) occur in tropical landscapes, and we do not know how LULCTs differ in their rates or impacts on key ecosystem components. Here, we quantified the impacts of 18 LULCTs on three ecosystem components (biodiversity, carbon, and soil), based on 18 variables collected from 310 sites in the Brazilian Amazon. Across all LULCTs, biodiversity was the most affected ecosystem component, followed by carbon stocks, but the magnitude of change differed widely among LULCTs and individual variables. Forest clearance for pasture was the most prevalent and high-impact transition, but we also identified other LULCTs with high impact but lower prevalence (e.g., forest to agriculture). Our study demonstrates the importance of considering multiple ecosystem components and LULCTs to understand the consequences of human activities in tropical landscapes.
Este trabalho foi realizado em eucaliptais localizados em áreas de relevo acidentado da Mata Atlântica, no Município de Belo Oriente, Vale do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, no período de janeiro de 2002 a ...fevereiro de 2005, em cinco talhões de Eucalyptus spp., totalizando 160,22 ha. Os objetivos foram desenvolver planos de amostragem para formigas-cortadeiras pelo método de transectos em faixas; determinar o melhor estimador de densidade populacional de formigueiros para os métodos de transectos em faixa e em linha; e validar o melhor plano de amostragem. Em cada entrelinha de plantio de cada talhão, os ninhos de formigas-cortadeiras foram localizados, georreferenciados e medidos. Foram gerados mapas com a localização dos ninhos e das árvores nos talhões, que serviram para a simulação dos planos. Concluiu-se que qualquer uma das linhas testadas para o lançamento de primeiro transecto pode ser utilizada no monitoramento de formigas-cortadeiras na área de estudo. A distância ótima entre os transectos em faixa foi de 96 m. A estimativa da densidade de ninhos de formigas-cortadeiras pelo estimador de área proporcional, usando transectos em faixa, é mais precisa do que pelo estimador Cottam & Curtis, com a utilização de transectos em linha, pois o primeiro produz resultados iguais aos do censo. O uso operacional dos transectos em faixa, com o estimador de área proporcional, lançados a cada 96 m a partir da terceira linha de plantio é valido para estimar a área total de formigueiros na região.
The present work was accomplished in eucalyptus plantations, in the municipality of Belo Oriente, Vale do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, during the period of January of 2002 to February of 2005, in five Eucalyptus spp. stands, totaling 160.22ha. The objectives were to develop sampling plans by the method of strip transects; determine the best estimator of ant nests for the methods of strip and line transects and validate the best sampling plan. In each interrow, the ant nests were located, measured and mapped. The data were plotted in maps of the nests, which served for the simulation of the plans. It was concluded that any of the planting lines tested for the first transect can be used in monitoring the leaf-cutting ants in the study area. The optimum distance between the strip transects is 96m. The density estimated of leaf-cutting ant nests by the Proportional Area estimator, using the strip transects, is more accurate than by the Cottam&Curtis estimator, using the line transects, because the first produces results equal to the census. The operational use of the first plan is valid to estimate the total area of leaf-cutting ant nests in the region.
Termites are social insects with high species diversity in tropical ecosystems. Multivariate analysis with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and data interpretation can separate social insects ...belonging to different colonies of the same species. The objective of this study was to propose the use of discriminant analysis by partial least squares (PLS-DA) combined with NIRS to identify the colonial origin of the Syntermes grandis (Rambur, 1842) (Blattodea: Termitidae) in 2 castes. Six ground S. grandis colonies were identified and mapped; 30 workers and 30 soldier termites in each colony were submitted to spectral measurement with NIRS. PLS-DA applied to the termites' spectral absorbance was used to detect a spectral pattern per S. grandis colony by caste. PLS-DA regression with NIRS proved to be an approach with 99.9% accuracy for identifying the colonial origin of S. grandis workers and 98.3% for soldiers. The methodology showed the importance of qualitatively characterizing the colonial phenotypic response of this species. NIRS is a high-precision approach to identifying the colony origin of S. grandis workers and soldiers. The PLS-DA can be used to design ecological field studies to identify colony territorial competition and foraging behavior of subterranean termite species.
As respostas das comunidades de formigas às mudanças ambientais de fragmentos florestais para agroecossistemas (café ou pastagem) foram avaliadas na região sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. ...Neste trabalho, avaliaram-se as interações entre fragmentos florestais e os dois agroecossistemas mais típicos do sudeste do Brasil: monocultivo de café a pleno sol e pastagem introduzida. A comunidade de formigas foi amostrada em cinco áreas de cada agroecossistema, dentro de fragmentos florestais adjacentes a estes e nas bordas entre os dois sistemas. Em cada área, foram retiradas 15 amostras de 1m² de serapilheira, das quais foram extraídas as formigas, utilizando-se o extrator de Winkler. Registrou-se um total de 165 espécies de formigas distribuídas em 48 gêneros e 10 subfamílias. O cafezal apresentou o menor número de espécies observado e menor riqueza estimada. As razões das variações observadas entre as áreas são discutidas.
The responses of the ant community to environmental change, from forest fragment to agroecosystems (coffee or pasture) were evaluated in the south of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In this paper we analized the interactions between forest and the two most typical agroecosystem from southest Brazil: sun-growing coffee plantation and introduced pasture. We sampled the ant community from five of each agroecosystems, inside the adjacent forest fragment, and on the edge between them. In each site we removed the litter from fifteen 1m² plots and extracted the ants using a Winkler extractor. A total of 165 ant species, distributed in 48 genera and 10 subfamilies were recorded. The coffee plantation presented the lowest abundance and estimated species richness. The causes of the changes observed among the areas are discussed.
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