The simultaneous eating algorithm (SEA) and probabilistic serial (PS) mechanism are well known for allocating a set of divisible or indivisible goods to agents with ordinal preferences. The PS ...mechanism is SEA at the same eating speed. The prominent property of SEA is ordinal efficiency. Recently, we extended the PS mechanism (EPS) from a fixed quota of each good to a variable varying in a polytope constrained by submodular functions. In this article, we further generalized some results on SEA. After formalizing the extended ESA (ESEA), we show that it can be characterized by ordinal efficiency. We established a stronger summation optimization than the Pareto type of ordinal efficiency by an introduced weight vector. The weights in the summation optimization coincide with agents’ preferences at the acyclic positive values of an allocation. Hence, the order of goods selected to eat in ESEA is exactly the one chosen in the execution of the well-known greedy algorithm.
Dermatophytes evolve along with the geography and socioeconomic conditions.
Epidermophyton floccosum
,
Microsporum audouinii
and
Trichophyton schoenleinii
acted as the major pathogens of superficial ...fungal diseases 100 years ago, but their frequency decreased dramatically since the middle of the twentieth century and they are limited to some less-developed countries nowadays; meanwhile, frequency of
Trichophyton rubrum
,
Trichophyton interdigitale
,
Trichophyton tonsurans
and
Microsporum canis
increased gradually, and these fungi have become the major species globally. Some other dermatophytes,
i.e.
,
Trichophyton violaceum
,
Trichophyton verrucosum
and
Microsporum ferrugineum
, are mainly endemic in some parts of Africa, Asia and Europe. At present,
T. rubrum
is the leading pathogen for skin and nail fungal infections, whereas
M. canis
,
T. tonsurans
and
T. violaceum
present as the predominant dermatophytes involved in tinea capitis. Population mobility, changes in human lifestyle and advents of antifungal drugs will continually drive the dermatophyte evolution in the skin microenvironment. Comprehensive observation is needed to better understand this kind of organisms and prospect the trends of their changes in future.
We consider the problem of allocating divisible/indivisible goods to agents according to agents’ ordinal preferences. Hashimoto et al.
15
provided a nonalgorithmic and axiomatic characterization of ...well-studied
probabilistic serial
(PS) mechanism. Recently, Fujishige et al.
12
generalized the PS mechanism where goods are enlarged from a fixed set to a family of sets which is a polytope defined by a system of linear inequalities associated with submodular functions. The above
extended PS
(EPS) greatly improved the flexibility of allocations. Based on these two results, in this paper, we investigate the nonalgorithmic and axiomatic characterization of EPS. We show that the EPS rule is the
only
mechanism satisfying the
ordinal fairness
and a newly defined
non-wastefulness
. The submodularity plays a crucial role in our arguments.
Single-peakedness was introduced by Black (J Political Econ 56:23–34, 1948) as a sufficient condition to overcome Condorcet paradox. Since then it has been attracting interest from researchers in ...various fields. In this paper, we propose a simple recursive procedure of constructing complete single-peaked domains of tiling type explicitly for any finite alternative sets, by combining two results published in recent years, and some observations of known results and examples by the author. The underlying basic structure of tiling type and properties of single-peaked domains provided here give a good visualization and make further developments on single-peakedness more easy.
•The novel NP-COF@Mag-PS/DVB/GMA microspheres have been designed and synthesized.•The Mag-dSPE procedure using NP-COF@Mag-PS/DVB/GMA as sorbent has been developed.•LODs of illicit drugs are ...significantly lower than other LC-MS-based methodologies.•The method is efficient and promising for the applicability to routine analyzes.
A novel nano petal-shaped covalent organic frameworks modified magnetic polystyrene-divinylbenzene-glycidylmethacrylate (NP-COF@Mag-PS/DVB/GMA) microsphere has been synthesized. It is a perfect combination of high productivity of PS/DVB/GMA microspheres and excellent enrichment efficiency of COF particles, and the excellent properties of NP-COF@Mag-PS/DVB/GMA microspheres are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The sorbent can extract illicit drugs via the reverse-phase interactions provided by benzene ring on the polymer backbone and the hydrogen bonding interactions provided by functional group (-NH-) on the COF particles. Based on using NP-COF@Mag-PS/DVB/GMA as sorbents, an easiness-to-handle of magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction (Mag-dSPE) procedure is proposed for the simultaneous preconcentration of 12 illicit drugs from wastewater. The obtained results show high extraction efficiency of NP-COF@Mag-PS/DVB/GMA to illicit drugs with recoveries between 81.6 and 116%. Furthermore, a liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 12 illicit drugs from wastewater at sub-ppt levels has been proposed and validated with the pretreatment of samples by Mag-dSPE. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for the 12 illicit drugs are between 0.40 and 4.90 ng/L. Validation results on linearity, specificity, trueness and precision, as well as on application to the analysis of 12 illicit drugs in ten real samples demonstrate the applicability to environment monitoring analysis.
This paper is concerned with the spatiotemporal dynamics of a diffusive Leslie–Gower prey–predator model with strong Allee effect in the prey population. The necessary and sufficient conditions of ...Turing instability are explicitly obtained. We demonstrate that at the critical value of the bifurcation parameter d2 a Turing bifurcation occurs (i.e, a pattern arises). The conditions for the stability of the pattern are also derived in detail. Moreover, treating μ as a bifurcation parameter, the Hopf bifurcation and global steady state bifurcation from the positive constant equilibrium solution are investigated. In particular, the local structure of the steady state bifurcation from double eigenvalues is also obtained by the techniques of space decomposition and the implicit function theorem. Our results show that strong Allee effect in our model plays a crucial role in the formation of spatiotemporal dynamics, which is a strong contrast to the case without strong Allee effect.
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that affects millions of people worldwide. In 2014, psoriasis was recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a serious non-communicable disease. In this ...study, a systems biology approach was used to investigate the underlying pathogenic mechanism of psoriasis and identify the potential drug targets for therapeutic treatment. The study involved the construction of a candidate genome-wide genetic and epigenetic network (GWGEN) through big data mining, followed by the identification of real GWGENs of psoriatic and non-psoriatic using system identification and system order detection methods. Core GWGENs were extracted from real GWGENs using the Principal Network Projection (PNP) method, and the corresponding core signaling pathways were annotated using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Comparing core signaling pathways of psoriasis and non-psoriasis and their downstream cellular dysfunctions, STAT3, CEBPB, NF-κB, and FOXO1 are identified as significant biomarkers of pathogenic mechanism and considered as drug targets for the therapeutic treatment of psoriasis. Then, a deep neural network (DNN)-based drug-target interaction (DTI) model was trained by the DTI dataset to predict candidate molecular drugs. By considering adequate regulatory ability, toxicity, and sensitivity as drug design specifications, Naringin, Butein, and Betulinic acid were selected from the candidate molecular drugs and combined into potential multi-molecule drugs for the treatment of psoriasis.
Proton transfer is crucial for electrocatalysis. Accumulating cations at electrochemical interfaces can alter the proton transfer rate and then tune electrocatalytic performance. However, the ...mechanism for regulating proton transfer remains ambiguous. Here, we quantify the cation effect on proton diffusion in solution by hydrogen evolution on microelectrodes, revealing the rate can be suppressed by more than 10 times. Different from the prevalent opinions that proton transport is slowed down by modified electric field, we found water structure imposes a more evident effect on kinetics. FTIR test and path integral molecular dynamics simulation indicate that proton prefers to wander within the hydration shell of cations rather than to hop rapidly along water wires. Low connectivity of water networks disrupted by cations corrupts the fast‐moving path in bulk water. This study highlights the promising way for regulating proton kinetics via a modified water structure.
Accumulating K+ cations break the water network connectivity, and confine protons in the cation hydration shell, thus slowing the proton diffusion kinetics.
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