Long-term operational stability is the foremost issue delaying the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here we demonstrate an in-situ cross-linking strategy for operationally stable ...inverted MAPbI
PSCs through the incorporation of a cross-linkable organic small molecule additive trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMTA) into perovskite films. TMTA can chemically anchor to grain boundaries and then in-situ cross-link to a robust continuous network polymer after thermal treatment, thus enhancing the thermal, water-resisting and light-resisting properties of organic/perovskite films. As a result, the cross-linked PSCs exhibit 590-fold improvement in operational stability, retaining nearly 80% of their initial efficiency after continuous power output for 400 h at maximum power point under full-sun AM 1.5 G illumination of Xenon lamp without any UV-filter. In addition, under moisture or thermal (85 °C) conditions, cross-linked TMTA-based PSCs also show excellent stability with over 90% of their initial or post burn-in efficiency after aging for over 1000 h.
The plasma membrane as a selectively permeable barrier of living cells is essential to cell survival and function. In many cases, however, the efficient passage of exogenous bioactive molecules ...through the plasma membrane remains a major hurdle for intracellular delivery of cargoes. During the last two decades, the potential of peptides for drug delivery into cells has been highlighted by the discovery of numerous cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). CPPs serving as carriers can successfully intracellular transport cargoes such as siRNA, nucleic acids, proteins, small molecule therapeutic agents, quantum dots and MRI contrast agents. This review mainly introduces recent advances of CPPs as new carriers for the development of cellular imaging, nuclear localization, pH-sensitive and thermally targeted delivery systems. In particular, we highlight the exploiting of the synergistic effects of targeting ligands and CPPs. What's more, the classification and cellular uptake mechanisms of CPPs are briefly discussed as well.
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In the pursuit of better electrode kinetics and mass transportation for electrochemical energy applications, 3D graphene‐based electrodes have been receiving increasing research interest. ...Distinguished from other kinds of 3D graphene structures, the well‐developed, vertically aligned graphene nanosheet arrays (VAGNAs) could be grown on a variety of substrates by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), forming a 3D interconnected structure with intimate contact with substrates and largely exposed edges, and easily accessible open surfaces of the graphene nanosheets. Ascribing to the combined superior inherent properties of graphene and the special structure configuration, e.g., large surface area, excellent electron transfer capability, outstanding mechanical strength, great chemical and thermal stabilities, and enhanced electrochemical activity, VAGNAs have demonstrated promising applications in supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cell catalysts. This progress report provides a brief review on the nucleation and growth of VAGNAs, their growth mechanism and properties, and highlights the recent important progress in their electrochemical energy conversion and storage applications, in the views of their pros and cons in comparison with other 3D graphene‐based structures. Challenges and perspectives for future advance are discussed in the end.
Vertically aligned graphene nanosheet arrays synthesized by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition have the advantages of largely exposed graphene edges and surfaces, excellent electron transfer, mechanical strength, and electrochemical activity, making them very promising in the applications of supercapacitors, batteries, and catalysts. This progress report briefly reviews the synthesis, properties, and recent progress in their electrochemical energy conversion and storage.
As an emerging clinical modality for cancer treatment, photodynamic therapy (PDT) takes advantage of the cytotoxic activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are generated by light irradiating ...photosensitizers (PSs) in the presence of oxygen (O2). However, further advancements including tumor selectivity and ROS generation efficiency are still required. Substantial efforts are devoted to design and synthesize smart PSs with optimized properties for achieving a desirable therapeutic efficacy. This review summarizes the recent progress in developing intelligent PSs for efficient PDT, ranging from single molecules to delicate nanomaterials. The strategies to improve ROS generation through optimizing photoinduced electron transfer and energy transfer processes of PSs are highlighted. Moreover, the approaches that combine PDT with other therapeutics (e.g., chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, and radiotherapy) and the targeted delivery in cancer cells or tumor tissue are introduced. The main challenges for the clinical application of PSs are also discussed.
This review highlights the strategies to enhance the reactive oxygen species generation through optimizing photoinduced electron transfer and energy transfer processes of photosensitizers (PSs). The approaches that combine photodynamic therapy with other therapeutics (e.g., chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, and radiotherapy) and the targeted delivery in cancer cells or tumor tissue are introduced. The main challenges for the clinical application of PSs are also discussed.
•The facile & efficient I− removal was achieved by crosslinked chitosan microsphere.•The maximum adsorption capacity of I− was up to 0.8792 mmol/g in 40 min adsorption.•The crosslinked chitosan ...microspheres performed highly efficiently from pH4 to 10.•The CMs could be regenerated for five cycles and maintained the high efficiency.
Radioactive iodine from the nuclear wastes was the significant environmental pollution, causing the health concern. Cross-linked chitosan microspheres (CM) by emulsion polymerization were investigated and proposed as the green and efficient adsorbents to treat iodine wastes via I− and -NH2 attraction. The I127 anions (instead of the radioactive iodine) adsorbed by CM were promising according to adsorbent dosage, pH, co-existing anions and recyclability analyzations through FTIR, SEM, BET and TGA. From pH 4 to 10, CMs maintained the I− adsorption efficiency no less than 95%. The maximum adsorption capacity of I− was up to 0.8792 mmol/g relative to the initial 2 mmol/L I− at pH 5 during 40 min adsorption, well-fitting with Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second order kinetic model. Moreover, the CMs after five regenerations maintained almost the same adsorption efficiency, and performed the differently competitive-adsorbed behavior. The CMs thus were prospective adsorbents for the iodide removal from waste water.
Causality inference of variables is a research focus in science. Due to its importance, a statistical simulation and regression method for causality inference of linearly correlated (scale or ...interval) variables was proposed in present study. First, a statistical simulation and regression method was developed to generate and analyze artificial data of linear correlated variables with known causality. The rule was drawn from the simulation and regression analysis on artificial data. Finally, causality inference of two linearly correlated variables was conducted based on the rule. Full Matlab codes of the method were presented.
In the present study, an online web tool (http://www.iaees.org/publications/software/netJa/netGen.htm) for generating user-interface interactive networks was presented. In the network, the user can ...mouse-press any of the nodes to drag the network, examine network topology, evaluate node centrality, etc. It can be freely used and run on popular web browsers as Chrome, etc.
In present study I proposed a statistical simulation method for causality inference of nominal variables (i.e., categorical variables). A new correlation measure for nominal variables, association ...coefficient, is firstly proposed also. A statistical simulation method was developed to generate artificial data of nominal variables with known causality. The law was then drawn from the simulation analysis of the artificial data. For a set of data of two nominal variables, the randomization method was first used to test the statistical significance of the nominal correlation measure, and then the statistical simulation was used to determine the causality and its statistic significance of two nominal variables. Full Matlab codes of the method were presented.
In present study, a statistical simulation method for causality inference of Boolean variables was proposed. First, I used statistical simulation to generate artificial data of two Boolean variables ...with known independent and dependent variables. A law was drawn from the simulation analysis of the artificial data. For a set of data of two Boolean variables, a randomization method was proposed and used to test the statistical significance of the Boolean correlation measure (point correlation, quartile correlation, or Jaccard correlation, etc.). The causality inference was then conducted to observed data based on the law. Finally, the statistical simulation was used to determine the statistic significance of the causality. Full Matlab codes were presented also.
The chemical transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been considered as a promising strategy to utilize and further upgrade it to value‐added chemicals, aiming at alleviating global warming. In ...this regard, sustainable driving forces (i.e., electricity and sunlight) have been introduced to convert CO2 into various chemical feedstocks. Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) can generate carbonaceous molecules (e.g., formate, CO, hydrocarbons, and alcohols) via multiple‐electron transfer. With the assistance of extra light energy, photoelectrocatalysis effectively improve the kinetics of CO2 conversion, which not only decreases the overpotentials for CO2RR but also enhances the lifespan of photo‐induced carriers for the consecutive catalytic process. Recently, rational‐designed catalysts and advanced characterization techniques have emerged in these fields, which make CO2‐to‐chemicals conversion in a clean and highly‐efficient manner. Herein, this review timely and thoroughly discusses the recent advancements in the practical conversion of CO2 through electro‐ and photoelectrocatalytic technologies in the past 5 years. Furthermore, the recent studies of operando analysis and theoretical calculations are highlighted to gain systematic insights into CO2RR. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in the fields of CO2 (photo)electrocatalysis are outlined for their further development.
CO2‐to‐fuel conversion is considered as a promising strategy for decreasing CO2 concentration and further upgrading to chemical feedstocks. Accordingly, this review compares the catalytic technologies and summarizes the recent development of advanced catalysts for highly‐efficient CO2 conversion through electrocatalysis and photothermocatalysis during the past 5 years. In addition, the catalytic mechanisms, challenges, and perspectives of these technologies are emphasized.
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