In a relational society like China, how does social capital (“relationship”) affect people's well-being? This article takes rural China as an example to explore the relationship between social ...capital, income and the level of well-being of Chinese farmers. After reviewing the definition and measurement of social capital and subjective well-being, this paper tests four hypotheses of social capital, income and subjective well-being. Using a 9200-observation sample from CHIPs 2002 and applying an ordered logistic regression model, this article provides evidence that the level of happiness among farmers is positively correlated with higher income, more active participation of social activities and reciprocal activities. That is, social capital is a strong predictor of happiness. Based on the findings, this article makes policy recommendations from three different aspects.
Social capital; Income; Subjective well-being; Ordered logistic regression.
Objective. This study expects to investigate and verify the intervention effect of the university’s innovative teaching management model on college students’ resilience by implementing the ...university’s innovative teaching management model for college students with low psychological resilience. Method. The scientific scale is used to investigate the current level of college students’ psychological resilience, and the development characteristics of college students’ psychological resilience are obtained through statistical analysis. Based on the theoretical analysis of the application of psychological resilience intervention, combined with the theory of one-to-one tutoring and operational techniques, the university’s innovative teaching management mode scheme is designed. The design adopts a quasi-experimental pre-experimental test to investigate and explore the intervention effect system of the university’s innovative teaching management mode on college students’ psychological resilience. In the intervention, each unit of activity is carried out in strict accordance with the established plan, and records and reflections are made at the end. One-to-one and face-to-face qualitative interviews were conducted with the subjects, and qualitative data were collected for qualitative analysis. Results/Discussion. Compared with the control group that did not receive the intervention, the psychological resilience of the subjects in the experimental group was significantly improved after receiving the intervention of the university’s innovative teaching management model. The university’s innovative teaching management model has a good intervention effect on the resilience of college students. The university’s innovative teaching management model scheme compiled in this study integrates a variety of psychotherapy methods and combines one-to-one psychological counseling frameworks and techniques. It is an effective and easy-to-implement intervention scheme for college students’ psychological resilience intervention.
This study examines the potential changes in residential location choice in a scenario where shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) are a popular mode of travel in the Atlanta metropolitan area. This ...hypothetical study is based on an agent-based simulation approach, which integrates residential location choice models with a SAV simulation model. The coupled model simulates future home location choices given current home location preferences and real estate development patterns. The results indicate that commuters may relocate to neighborhoods with better public schools and more amenities due to reductions in commute costs.
Although recent studies of Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAVs) have explored the economic costs and environmental impacts of this technology, little is known about how SAVs can change urban forms, ...especially by reducing the demand for parking. This study estimates the potential impact of SAV system on urban parking demand under different system operation scenarios with the help of an agent-based simulation model. The simulation results indicate that we may be able to eliminate up to 90% of parking demand for clients who adopt the system, at a low market penetration rate of 2%. The results also suggest that different SAV operation strategies and client's preferences may lead to different spatial distribution of urban parking demand.
•Machine learning models were used to estimate commercial building energy consumption.•CBECS was used to train a US-wide model with five commonly available features.•Validation of the model on ...city-specific building data was performed for New York City.•The gradient boosting model performs best compared to Linear, SVM, and other methods.•Availability of more building features results in more accurate models.
Building energy consumption makes up 40% of the total energy consumption in the United States. Given that energy consumption in buildings is influenced by aspects of urban form such as density and floor-area-ratios (FAR), understanding the distribution of energy intensities is critical for city planners. This paper presents a novel technique for estimating commercial building energy consumption from a small number of building features by training machine learning models on national data from the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). Our results show that gradient boosting regression models perform the best at predicting commercial building energy consumption, and can make predictions that are on average within a factor of 2 from the true energy consumption values (with an r2 score of 0.82). We validate our models using the New York City Local Law 84 energy consumption dataset, then apply them to the city of Atlanta to create aggregate energy consumption estimates. In general, the models developed only depend on five commonly accessible building and climate features, and can therefore be applied to diverse metropolitan areas in the United States and to other countries through replication of our methodology.
The world is on the cusp of a new era in mobility given that the enabling technologies for autonomous vehicles (AVs) are almost ready for deployment and testing. Although the technological frontiers ...for deploying AVs are being crossed, transportation planners and engineers know far less about the potential impact of such technologies on urban form and land use patterns. This paper attempts to address those issues by simulating the operation of shared AVs (SAVs) in the city of Atlanta, Georgia, by using the real transportation network with calibrated link-level travel speeds and a travel demand origin–destination matrix. The model results suggest that the SAV system can reduce parking land by 4.5% in Atlanta at a 5% market penetration level. In charged-parking scenarios, parking demand will move from downtown to adjacent low-income neighborhoods. The results also reveal that policy makers may consider combining charged-parking policies with additional regulations to curb excessive vehicle miles traveled and alleviate potential social equity problems.
The spatial, diurnal and seasonal variations of surface urban heat islands (SUHIs) have been investigated in many places, but we still have limited understanding of the interannual variations of ...SUHIs and associated drivers. In this study, the interannual variations in SUHI intensity (SUHII, derived from MODIS land surface temperature (LST) data (8-day composites of twice-daily observations), urban LST minus rural) and their relationships with climate variability and urbanization were analyzed in 31 cities in China for the period 2001–2015. Significant increasing trends of SUHII were observed in 71.0%, 58.1%, 25.8% and 54.8% the cities in summer days (SDs), summer nights (SNs), winter days (WDs) and winter nights (WNs), respectively. Pearson's correlation analyses were first performed from a temporal perspective, which were different from a spatial perspective as previous studies. The results showed that the SUHII in SDs and WDs was negatively correlated with the background LST and mean air temperature in most of the cities. The nighttime SUHII in most cities was negatively and positively correlated with total precipitation and total sunshine duration, respectively. Average wind speed has little effect on SUHII. Decreasing vegetation and increased population were the main factors that contributed to the increased SUHII in SDs and SNs, while albedo only influenced the SUHII in WDs. In addition, Pearson's correlation analyses across cities showed that cities with higher decreasing rates of vegetation exhibited higher increasing rates of the SUHII in SDs and WDs. Cities with larger population growth rates do not necessarily have higher increasing rates of SUHII.
The temporal trends of SUHII on SDs in the WUA in 31 cities in China. Display omitted
•The interannual variations in surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) and their relationships with climate variability and urbanization were analyzed.•Decreasing vegetation and increased population in whole urban area were important factors contributing to the increasing SUHII.•The impacts of climate variability on SUHII in the city center depended on time periods and geographical positions.
Contamination of cadmium (Cd) in paddy soil is a serious environmental problem threatening food safety in some parts of southern China, where rice grain Cd concentration often exceeds the Chinese ...limit (0.2 mg kg−1). We tested the effect of CaCO3 liming combined with growing low Cd cultivars on Cd accumulation in rice grain in 2-year field trials. A liming model was used to predict the doses of lime required. Lime (2.25–7.5 t ha−1) was applied in 2016 only and the effect monitored in both 2016 and 2017. Soil pH was increased from the initial 5.5 to the target value 6.5 by 7.5 t ha−1 CaCO3. Liming greatly reduced CaCl2-extractable Cd in the rhizospheric soil. Grain Cd concentration in the control exceeded the limit by 2–5 times. Liming at 7.5 t ha−1 decreased grain Cd concentration by 70–80% in both seasons without affecting grain yield. Grain Cd concentration was below the limit in the 7.5 t ha−1 liming treatment in both seasons. Grain Cd concentration correlated closely with CaCl2-extractable Cd in rhizospheric soil at the grain maturing stage. Seasonal difference in grain Cd concentration was attributed to the soil water status at the grain maturing stage. Liming had no significant effect on grain arsenic concentration or speciation. A single application of CaCO3 to raise soil pH to 6.5, combined with low Cd cultivars and delayed drainage of paddy water during late grain filling stage, was highly effective at reducing Cd accumulation in rice grain.
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•High phytoavailability of Cd in a moderately contaminated paddy soil.•Rice Cd concentration in the control exceeded the Chinese limit by 2–5 times.•Liming with 7.5 t ha−1 CaCO3 decreased grain Cd concentration by 70–80%.•Liming combined low Cd cultivars and delayed drainage was highly effective.
In this paper, by applying the discharging method, we show that if G is a planar graph with a maximum degree of Δ=6 that does not contain any adjacent 8-cycles, then G is of class 1.
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