Dirac semimetal is an emerging class of quantum matters, ranging from 2D category, such as, graphene and surface states of topological insulator to 3D category, for instance, Cd3As2 and Na3Bi. As 3D ...Dirac semimetals typically possess Fermi‐arc surface states, the 2D–3D Dirac van der Waals heterostructures should be promising for future electronics. Here, graphene–Cd3As2 heterostructures are fabricated through direct layer‐by‐layer stacking. The electronic coupling results in a notable interlayer charge transfer, which enables us to modulate the Fermi level of graphene through Cd3As2. A planar graphene p–n–p junction is achieved by selective modification, which demonstrates quantized conductance plateaus. Moreover, compared with the bare graphene device, the graphene–Cd3As2 hybrid device presents large nonlocal signals near the Dirac point due to the charge transfer from the spin‐polarized surface states in the adjacent Cd3As2. The results enrich the family of van der Waals heterostructure and should inspire more studies on the application of Dirac/Weyl semimetals in spintronics.
Dirac van der Waals heterostructures are fabricated through direct stacking of 3D Dirac semimetal Cd3As2 on 2D graphene. The enhancement of nonlocal signals near the Dirac point in modulated graphene is proposed to result from the spin‐polarized charges injected from the surface states of Cd3As2 to graphene, suggesting that the Dirac semimetal can serve as a spin injector.
Several methods for testing mediation hypotheses with 2-level nested data have been proposed by researchers using a multilevel modeling (MLM) paradigm. However, these MLM approaches do not ...accommodate mediation pathways with Level-2 outcomes and may produce conflated estimates of between- and within-level components of indirect effects. Moreover, these methods have each appeared in isolation, so a unified framework that integrates the existing methods, as well as new multilevel mediation models, is lacking. Here we show that a multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) paradigm can overcome these 2 limitations of mediation analysis with MLM. We present an integrative 2-level MSEM mathematical framework that subsumes new and existing multilevel mediation approaches as special cases. We use several applied examples and accompanying software code to illustrate the flexibility of this framework and to show that different substantive conclusions can be drawn using MSEM versus MLM.
•UiO66 and UiO66-NH2 were synthesized via solvothermal method.•Hybridly charged NF membranes were fabricated with UiO66 in organic solution or UiO66-NH2 in aqueous solution.•The prepared NF membrane ...showed a pure water flux of 16.6 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 and MgCl2 rejection of 96.5%.•MEI-UN membrane shows acceptable removal efficiency to both cationic and anionic surfactants.
Water pollution is a growing issue that requires remediation. Surfactants, used in many domestic and industrial applications, are one of the emerging contaminants that require immediate concern. Removing low-concentration surfactants using nanofiltration (NF) membrane is a study that deserves attention. In this case, a mixed polyamide-based NF membrane was fabricated via interfacial polymerization (IP) using polyethylenimine (PEI) and piperazine (PIP) as monomers in aqueous solution. UiO66-NH2 and UiO66 were synthesized and incorporated into the polyamide layer to enhance the permeability of the prepared NF membranes. The pure water flux of the NF membranes reached 16.6 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 when UiO66-NH2 concentration in aqueous solution is 0.005 wt%, and the membrane showed decent rejection to divalent salts, 96.5% to MgCl2 and 85.6% to Na2SO4. The prepared membranes were utilized to remove surfactants with the concentration (100 mg L−1) below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) from water, and they showed good removal to both anionic and cationic surfactants. In addition, the durability of the fabricated NF membranes is acceptable. This work provides a feasible strategy for the fabrication of highly permeable NF membranes and demonstrates the capability of NF membrane for surfactants removal.
•Propose some formulae to calculate the gain and loss for unbalanced HFLTSs.•Extend the TODIM method to deal with MCGDM problems with unbalanced HFLTSs.•Provide three applications to demonstrate the ...proposed TODIM method.
Uncertainty and impreciseness usually exist widely in decision making problems nowadays. When eliciting assessments over alternatives, decision makers tend to have some hesitancy and thus provide hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (HFLTSs). Moreover, the unbalanced linguistic term set sometimes has advantages over the balanced one for dealing with practical linguistic decision making problems. The purpose of this paper is to develop a new method to deal with multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM) problems with unbalanced HFLTSs by considering the psychological behavior of decision makers. To achieve this goal, some formulae are first proposed to calculate the gain and loss for an unbalanced HFLTS over another. As a special case of the unbalanced HFLTS, the formulae of gain and loss for a balanced HFLTS are also provided. Afterwards, the classical TODIM method is extended to develop a new MCGDM method based on unbalanced HFLTSs. Eventually, the proposed method is demonstrated by using three practical applications, including a personnel selection process, an investment alternative selection process and a telecommunication service provider selection process.
Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have come a long way ever since their first introduction in 1987 at Eastman Kodak. Today, OLEDs are especially valued in the display and lighting industry for ...their promising features. As one of the research fields that equally inspires and drives development in academia and industry, OLED device technology has continuously evolved over more than 30 years. OLED devices have come forward based on three generations of emitter materials relying on fluorescence (first generation), phosphorescence (second generation), and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (third generation). Furthermore, research in academia and industry toward the fourth generation of OLEDs is in progress. Excerpts from the history of green, orange‐red, and blue OLED emitter development on the side of academia and milestones achieved by key players in the industry are included in this report.
The history of emitter development and industry's interest in organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) technology are reviewed. OLED device technology has equally inspired and driven innovation in academia and industry. Three generations of emitters based on different emission mechanisms have been designed. Recently, research in both academia and industry points toward a fourth generation of light‐emitting materials for OLEDs.
Grapes are an important economic crop and are widely cultivated around the world. Most grapes are grown in arid or semi‐arid regions, and droughts take a heavy toll in grape and wine production ...areas. Developing effective drought‐resistant cultivation measures is a priority for viticulture. Melatonin, an indoleamine, mediates many physiological processes in plants. Herein, we examined whether exogenously applied melatonin could improve the resistance of wine grape seedlings grown from cuttings to polyethylene glycol‐induced water‐deficient stress. The application of 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG) markedly inhibited the growth of cuttings, caused oxidative stress and damage from H2O2 and O2∙−, and reduced the potential efficiency of Photosystem II and the amount of chlorophyll. Application of melatonin partially alleviated the oxidative injury to cuttings, slowed the decline in the potential efficiency of Photosystem II, and limited the effects on leaf thickness, spongy tissue, and stoma size after application of PEG. Melatonin treatment also helped preserve the internal lamellar system of chloroplasts and alleviated the ultrastructural damage induced by drought stress. This ameliorating effect may be ascribed to the enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes, increased levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants, and increased amount of osmoprotectants (free proline). We conclude that the application of melatonin to wine grapes is effective in reducing drought stress.
Cuproptosis is a recently identified form of programmed cell death; however, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear.
A set of bioinformatic tools was integrated to analyze the ...expression and prognostic significance of ferredoxin 1 (
), the key regulator of cuproptosis. A cuproptosis-related risk score (CRRS) was developed
correlation analyses, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression, and multivariate Cox regression. The metabolic features, mutation signatures, and immune profile of CRRS-classified HCC patients were investigated, and the role of CRRS in therapy guidance was analyzed.
was significantly downregulated in HCC, and its high expression was associated with longer survival time. HCC patients in the high-CRRS group showed a significantly lower overall survival (OS) and enriched in cancer-related pathways. Mutation analyses revealed that the high-CRRS HCC patients had a high mutational frequency of some tumor suppressors such as tumor protein P53 (
) and Breast-cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1)-associated protein 1 (
) and a low frequency of catenin beta 1 (
). Besides, HCC patients with high CRRS showed an increase of protumor immune infiltrates and a high expression of immune checkpoints. Moreover, the area under the curve (AUC) values of CRRS in predicting the efficiency of sorafenib and the non-responsiveness to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in HCC patients reached 0.877 and 0.764, respectively.
The cuproptosis-related signature is helpful in prognostic prediction and in guiding treatment for HCC patients.
•Define some consistency indexes for a hesitant fuzzy preference relation (HFPR).•Develop some minimum adjustment-based models to improve the consistency for an HFPR.•Numerical examples demonstrate ...the advantages of the models.
Hesitant fuzzy preference relation (HFPR) is an effective tool to elicit decision makers’ hesitant preference information over alternatives, and consistency analysis is of great importance for an HFPR since inconsistent judgments may result in unreasonable results. In this paper, the best additive consistency index, the worst additive consistency index and the average additive consistency index are defined to measure the consistency level of an HFPR. To improve the additive consistency of an HFPR, some mixed 0–1 linear programming models which aim to minimize the overall adjustment amount and the number of the elements that need to be adjusted are established. Moreover, the proposed models are extended to improve the additive consistency and impute the missing elements for incomplete HFPRs. Some numerical examples are presented to show the characteristics of the proposed models. The results demonstrate that the proposed models can improve the consistency of an HFPR effectively.
Recent studies of the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau have called attention to two emerging views of how the Tibetan Plateau has grown. First, deformation in northern Tibet began essentially ...at the time of collision with India, not 10–20 Myr later as might be expected if the locus of activity migrated northward as India penetrated the rest of Eurasia. Thus, the north‐south dimensions of the Tibetan Plateau were set mainly by differences in lithospheric strength, with strong lithosphere beneath India and the Tarim and Qaidam basins steadily encroaching on one another as the region between them, the present‐day Tibetan Plateau, deformed, and its north‐south dimension became narrower. Second, abundant evidence calls for acceleration of deformation, including the formation of new faults, in northeastern Tibet since ~15 Ma and a less precisely dated change in orientation of crustal shortening since ~20 Ma. This reorientation of crustal shortening and roughly concurrent outward growth of high terrain, which swings from NNE‐SSW in northern Tibet to more NE‐SW and even ENE‐WSW in the easternmost part of northeastern Tibet, are likely to be, in part, a consequence of crustal thickening within the high Tibetan Plateau reaching a limit, and the locus of continued shortening then migrating to the northeastern and eastern flanks. These changes in rates and orientation also could result from removal of some or all mantle lithosphere and increased gravitational potential energy per unit area and from a weakening of crustal material so that it could flow in response to pressure gradients set by evolving differences in elevation.
Key Points
The north‐south limits of Tibet were set by lateral variations in strength
Roughly 15 million years ago, deformation of NE Tibet accelerated
Since 20–15 million years ago, the orientation of shortening rotated eastward
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