Visual adaptation allows organisms to accurately perceive the external world even in dramatically changing environments, from dim starlight to bright sunlight. In particular, polarization‐sensitive ...visual adaptation can effectively process the polarized visual information that is ubiquitous in nature. However, such an intriguing characteristic still remains a great challenge in semiconductor devices. Herein, a novel porous metal–organic‐framework phototransistor with anisotropic‐ReS2‐based heterojunction is demonstrated for polarization‐sensitive visual adaptation emulation. The device exhibits intriguing polarized sensitivity and an adaptive ability due to its strong anisotropic and trapping–detrapping characteristics, respectively. A series of polarization‐sensitive neuromorphic behaviors like polarization‐perceptual excitatory postsynaptic current, multimode adjustable dichroic ratio and reconfigurable sensory adaption, are experimentally demonstrated through this porous heterojunction phototransistor. More importantly, with the polarization–electricity cooperation strategy, advanced polarization‐sensitive visual adaptation with strong bottom‐gate control and environment dependence is successfully realized. These results represent a significant step toward the new generation of intelligent visual perception systems in autonomous navigation and human–machine interaction, etc.
A novel polarization‐sensitive device is demonstrated based on a porous metal–organic framework/ReS2 heterojunction phototransistor. The most intriguing properties of polarization‐sensitive visual adaptation can be achieved by tuning the bottom‐gate bias and different light environments. It can provide a fascinating opportunity for next generation of artificial visual perception systems.
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) plays pivotal roles in antiviral innate immunity. TBK1 mediates the activation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3, leading to the induction of type I IFNs (IFN-α/β) ...following viral infections. TBK1 must be tightly regulated to effectively control viral infections and maintain immune homeostasis. TBK1 activity can be regulated in a variety of ways, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, kinase activity modulation and prevention of functional TBK1-containing complexes formation. Furthermore, multiple viruses have evolved elaborate strategies to circumvent IFN responses by targeting TBK1. Here we provide an overview of TBK1 in antiviral immunity and recent developments on the regulation of TBK1 activity.
The NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is an oligomeric complex comprised of the NOD-like receptor NLRP3, the adaptor ASC, and caspase-1. This complex is crucial to ...the host's defense against microbes as it promotes IL-1β and IL-18 secretion and induces pyroptosis. NLRP3 recognizes variety of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated during viral replication that triggers the NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent antiviral immune responses and facilitates viral eradication. Meanwhile, several viruses have evolved elaborate strategies to evade the immune system by targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this review, we will focus on the crosstalk between the NLRP3 inflammasome and viruses, provide an overview of viral infection-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and the immune escape strategies of viruses through their modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome activity.
The evolution of photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioanalysis has resulted in substantial progress in its analytical performance and biodetection applications. The aim of this review is to provide a ...panoramic snapshot of the state of the art in this dynamically developing field, with special emphasis on PEC DNA analysis, immunoassay, enzymatic biosensing and cell-related detection. The future prospects in this area are also evaluated and discussed. This work will serve as a useful source to inform the interested audience of the latest developments and applications in the field of PEC bioanalysis.
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•Detection of epigenetic modifiers using electrochemical-based methods was reviewed.•Epigenetic modifiers includes nucleic modification and protein modification.•DNA modifications ...mean DNA methylation, hydroxymethylation and formylation.•Protein modifications mean phosphorylation and acetylation.•The research trends and challenges were discussed.
Epigenetic modifications mainly includes nucleic modifications and histone modifications, which play crucial role in biological processes, such as gene and microRNA expression, DNA-protein interactions, suppression of transposable element mobility, etc. The abnormal expression of epigenetic modifiers is related to various diseases. Thus, the quantitative analysis of epigenetic modifiers is crucial to early diagnosis of disease, drug screening, prognosis of disease treatment, discovery of new biological function. Up to now, various methods have been developed for epigenetic modifier detection, including thin layer chromatography, northern blotting, microarray, chromatography-based technology, fluorescence, colorimetry, surface plasmon resonance, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, electrochemistry, etc. Among them, electrochemical-based techniques have received widespread attentions due to the merits of simple operation, fast response, radioactive labeling-free, low-dose reagent, inexpensive and portable instrument, high sensitivity. Therefore, in this paper, the application of electrochemical techniques for determining epigenetic biomarkers in last ten years are reviewed, in which the electrochemical techniques include electrochemistry, photoelectrochemistry and electrochemiluminescence, and the epigenetic modifiers contain DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine and 7-methylguanine), DNA hydroxymethylation (5-hydroxymethylcytosine), DNA formylation (5-formylcytosine), RNA methylation (N6-methyladenosine), protein phosphorylation and protein acetylation. In addition, application of these techniques for the determination of the relative enzymes is also reviewed. Moreover, the research trends and challenges in the development of electrochemical-based methods for monitoring epigenetic biomarkers were discussed.
Advanced organic bioelectronics enable smooth fusion between modern electronics and biological systems for better physiological monitoring and pathological examinations. Photon‐regulated ...bioelectronics are especially desirable due to the non‐contact impact, remote‐control, and even self‐powered operation. However, few studies have addressed the advanced photon‐enabled organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) biosensors capable of operation at zero gate bias. Here, on the basis of a hydrogel/graphene oxide hybrid (denoted as HGH), a multifunctional HGH‐gated OPECT biosensor is presented, which is exemplified by Ca2+‐triggered gelation on the CdS quantum dot (QD) photoelectrode linking with a sandwich immunoassay toward human IgG as the model target. Gelation of HGH on the CdS QD gate electrode can not only inhibit the interfacial mass transfer on the gate/electrolyte interface, but also significantly block the light absorption of CdS QDs, leading to the corresponding change of the channel currents of OPECT device. At zero gate bias, this OPECT biosensor exhibits high gain in response to light and good analytical performance for human IgG with a detection limit of 50 fg mL–1. Given the numerous intelligent hydrogel materials and their potential interactions with light, this work unveils a general platform for developing a new class of hydrogel‐gated OPECT bioelectronics and beyond.
A multifunctional hydrogel‐gated organic photoelectrochemical transistor biosensor is constructed using a Ca2+‐triggered hydrogel/graphene oxide hybrid on the CdS quantum dot photosensitive gate electrode linking with a sandwich immunoassay toward human IgG as the model target. The proposed biosensor exhibits high gain in response to light and good analytical performance at zero gate bias.
The practical application of the Zn‐metal anode for aqueous batteries is greatly restricted by catastrophic dendrite growth, intricate hydrogen evolution, and parasitic surface passivation. Herein, a ...polyanionic hydrogel film is introduced as a protective layer on the Zn anode with the assistance of a silane coupling agent (denoted as Zn–SHn). The hydrogel framework with zincophilic –SO3− functional groups uniformizes the zinc ions flux and transport. Furthermore, such a hydrogel layer chemically bonded on the Zn surface possesses an anti‐catalysis effect, which effectively suppresses both the hydrogen evolution reaction and formation of Zn dendrites. As a result, stable and reversible Zn stripping/plating at various currents and capacities is achieved. A full cell by pairing the Zn–SHn anode with a NaV3O8·1.5 H2O cathode shows a capacity of around 176 mAh g−1 with a retention around 67% over 4000 cycles at 10 A g−1. This polyanionic hydrogel film protection strategy paves a new way for future Zn‐anode design and safe aqueous batteries construction.
A unique polyanionic hydrogel is employed as an artificial protective layer for reversible Zn‐metal anodes. The polyanions in the hydrogel framework facilitate a homogeneous zinc‐ion flux, and the Zn–O bonding strengthens the interface and suppresses surface corrosion and irregular Zn dendrites growth. This strategy could apply also to other aqueous metal batteries.
Incorporating biomolecules into metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) as exoskeletons to form biomolecules‐MOFs biohybrids has attracted great attention as an emerging class of advanced materials. Organic ...devices have been shown as powerful platforms for next‐generation bioelectronics, such as wearable biosensors, tissue engineering constructs, and neural interfaces. Herein, biomolecules‐incorporated MOFs as innovative gating module is realized for the first time, which is exemplified by biocatalytic precipitation (BCP)‐oriented horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐embedded zeolitic imidazolate framework‐90 (HRP@ZIF‐90)/CdIn2S4 gated organic photoelectrochemical transistor under light illumination. In connection to a sandwich immunocomplexing targeting the model analyte human IgG, the IgG‐dependent generation of H2O2 and the tandem HRP‐triggered BCP reaction can cause the in situ blocking of the pore network of ZIF‐90, leading to variant gating effect with corresponding responses of the device. This representative biodetection achieved good analytical performance with a wide linear range and a low detection limit of 100 fg mL−1. In the view of the plentiful biomolecule‐MOF complexes and their potential interactions with organic systems, this study provides a proof‐of‐concept study for the generic development of biomolecules‐MOFs‐gated electronics and beyond.
Herein, biomolecules‐incorporated MOFs as innovative gating module is realized for the first time, which is exemplified by biocatalytic precipitation‐oriented horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐embedded zeolitic imidazolate framework‐90 (HRP@ZIF‐90)/CdIn2S4 gated organic photoelectrochemical transistor under light illumination. By linking with a sandwich immunoassay, the proposed biosensor achieved good analytical performance at zero gate bias.
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