The wave period is a wave parameter that is significantly influenced by factors such as wind speed and bottom topography. Previous research on wave period parameterization has primarily focused on ...wind-dominated sea areas and may not be applicable to certain regions, such as the equatorial calm or coastal areas dominated by swell waves. To address this limitation, this paper utilizes the third-generation wave numerical model SWAN to perform wave numerical simulations for a portion of the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The simulation incorporates observational data from nearshore stations, buoys, and satellite altimeters for error analysis. To develop a new wave parameterization scheme (WS-23), we employ extensive NDBC buoy data and incorporate the exponential rate and wave age characteristics that were previously established by predecessors. Our scheme introduces a judgement mechanism to distinguish between wind waves, swell waves, and mixed waves. The resulting ocean wave factor enhances the mean wave period values calculated using the model and other parameterization schemes. The experimental results demonstrate that our new parameterization scheme effectively improves the abnormal peak of the fitting data. Comparing the output values of the mean wave period element output of the SWAN model with our new parameterization scheme, we observe a reduction in the mean values of Ea, Ec, and RMSE by 0.231, 1.94%, and 0.162, respectively, while increasing the average r by 0.05.
The uptake and transportation of nitrate play a crucial role in plant growth and development. These processes mostly depend on nitrate transporters (NRT), which guarantee the supplement of nutrition ...in the plant. In this study, genes encoding NRT with Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) domain were identified in trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.). Totally, 56 NRT1s, 6 NRT2s, and 2 NAR2s were explored. The bioinformation analysis, including protein characteristics, conserved domain, motif, phylogenetic relationship, cis-acting element, and synteny correlation, indicated the evolutionary conservation and functional diversity of NRT genes. Additionally, expression profiles of PtrNRTs in different tissues demonstrated that NRT genes possessed spatio-temporal expression specificity. Further, the salt condition was certified to induce the expression of some NRT members, like PtrNPF2.1, PtrNPF7.4, and PtrNAR2.1, proposing the potential role of these NRTs in salt stress response. The identification of NRT genes and the expression pattern analysis in various tissues and salt stress lay a foundation for future research between nitrogen transport and salt resistance in P. trifoliata.
The strong wind-induced current and sea level have influences on the wave distribution in a tropical cyclone (TC). In particular, the wave–current interaction is significant in the period in which ...the TC passed the mesoscale eddy. In this study, the wave fields of Typhoon Chan-hom (2015) are hindcastly simulated using a coupled oceanic model that utilizes a nested triangle grid, i.e., the finite-volume community ocean model-simulating waves nearshore (FVCOM-SWAVE) model. The forcing wind field is composited from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis data and the simulation using a parametric Holland model, denoted as H-E. The open boundary fields include tide data from TPOX.5 and the hybrid coordinate ocean model (HYCOM) global datasets, including sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity, sea surface current, and sea level data. The simulated oceanic parameters (e.g., the significant wave height, SWH) are validated against the measurements from the Jason-2 altimeter, yielding a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.58 m for the SWH, a correlation (COR) coefficient of 0.94, and a scatter index (SI) of 0.23. Similarly, the simulated SSTs are compared with the remote sensing products of the remote sensing system (REMSS) and the measurements from Argos, yielding an RMSE of <0.8 °C, a COR of >0.95, and an SI of <0.04. The significant zonal asymmetry of the wave distribution along the typhoon track is observed. The Stokes drift is calculated from the FVCOM-SWAVE simulation results, and then the contribution of the Stokes transport is estimated using the Ekman–Stokes numbers. It is found that the ratio of the Stokes transport to the total net transport can reach >80% near the typhoon center, and the ratio is reduced to approximately <20% away from the typhoon center, indicating that Stokes transport is an essential aspect in the water mixing during a TC. The mesoscale eddies are detected by the sea level anomalies (SLA) fusion data from AVISO. It is found that the significant wave heights, Stokes drift, and Stokes transport inside the eddy area were higher than those outside the eddy area. These parameters inside the cold mesoscale eddies were higher than t inside the warm mesoscale eddies. Otherwise, the SST mainly increased within the cold mesoscale eddies area, while decreased within the warm mesoscale eddies area. The influence of mesoscale eddies on the SST was in proportion to the eddy radius and eddy EKE.
Sugar transporter proteins (STPs) play vital roles in sugar transport and allocation of carbon sources in plants. However, the evolutionary dynamics of this important gene family and their functions ...are still largely unknown in citrus, which is the largest fruit crop in the world. In this study, fourteen non-redundant CgSTP family members were identified in pummelo (
). A comprehensive analysis based on the biochemical characteristics, the chromosomal location, the exon-intron structures and the evolutionary relationships demonstrated the conservation and the divergence of CgSTPs. Moreover, CgSTP4, 11, 13, 14 were proofed to be localized in plasma membrane and have glucose transport activity in yeast. The hexose content were significantly increased with the transient overexpression of
and
. In addition, antisense repression of
induced the shorter pollen tube length
, implying the potential role of CgSTP4 in pummelo pollen tube growth. Taken together, this work explored a framework for understanding the physiological role of
and laid a foundation for future functional studies of these members in citrus species.
The drag coefficient of the sea surface is crucial for the exchange of momentum between the ocean and atmosphere. The wave state significantly influences the variability of the drag coefficient. In ...the past, researchers commonly employed single-parameterization methods to describe this influence. However, the influence of wave conditions on drag coefficient is complex and variable, and it is difficult to accurately describe it with a single parameter alone. Wave age represents the ability of wind-induced waves to input energy, while wave steepness reflects the stability of the waves. By simultaneously considering wave age and wave steepness, a more accurate characterization of the dynamic nature of waves can be achieved. Additionally, the presence of sea spray profoundly impacts the distribution of the momentum flux between the ocean and atmosphere, thereby influencing the drag coefficient of the sea surface. In this study, we established a novel sea spray generation function that bases on both the wind speed and wave states (wave steepness and wave age). Considering this function, the momentum flux of sea spray droplets was analyzed under different wave states. Moreover, with increasing wave age or wave steepness, the effective sea surface drag coefficient is attenuated at low to moderate wind speeds. Considering the challenge of simultaneously obtaining wave age and wave steepness data, this paper proposes a relationship equation between the two wave state parameters. When the wave age is greater than 0.4, the correlation between the wave age and the wave steepness is strong. As the wind speed increases from low to high, there is a noticeable decrease in the effective sea surface drag coefficient with the corresponding increase in wave age. When the wave age is less than 0.4, the wave steepness reaches a maximum value, and the effective sea surface drag coefficient increases with the increase of the wave age at medium and low wind speed. With further increases in wind speed, the momentum flux derived from the air also increases. Simultaneously, the effective sea surface drag coefficient exhibits a decrease as wave age increases.
The miscibility of flue gas and different types of light oils is investigated through slender-tube miscible displacement experiment at high temperature and high pressure. Under the conditions of high ...temperature and high pressure, the miscible displacement of flue gas and light oil is possible. At the same temperature, there is a linear relationship between oil displacement efficiency and pressure. At the same pressure, the oil displacement efficiency increases gently and then rapidly to more than 90% to achieve miscible displacement with the increase of temperature. The rapid increase of oil displacement efficiency is closely related to the process that the light components of oil transit in phase state due to distillation with the rise of temperature. Moreover, at the same pressure, the lighter the oil, the lower the minimum miscibility temperature between flue gas and oil, which allows easier miscibility and ultimately better performance of thermal miscible flooding by air injection. The miscibility between flue gas and light oil at high temperature and high pressure is more typically characterized by phase transition at high temperature in supercritical state, and it is different from the contact extraction miscibility of CO2 under conventional high pressure conditions.
The estimation of reserves and performance prediction are two vital tasks for the development of gas reservoirs where the evaluation of gas in place or well-controlled reserves, as the foundation of ...the performance analysis of gas wells, turns to be exceedingly significant. Advanced production data analysis or modern rate transient analysis (RTA) methods mainly depend on the iterative calculations of material balance quasitime (tca) and type curve fitting, the essence of which is to update the average reservoir pressure data time and again. The traditional Arps’ decline models are of empirical nature despite the convenience and applicability to the constant bottomhole pressure (BHP) condition. In order to avoid the implicit iteration, this paper develops an explicit method for estimating the average reservoir pressure on the basis of dynamic material balance equation (DMBE), termed “flow integral method,” which can be applied to various gas production systems under boundary-dominated flow (BDF). Based on the flow integral method and the decline parameter evaluation, we employ the hyperbolic decline model to model the gas well performance at a constant BHP. The analytical formulations of decline rate and decline exponent are deduced from the DMBE and the static material balance equation (SMBE) considering the elastic compressibilities of rock pore and bound water. The resulting decline parameter method for explicit estimation of gas reserves boasts a solid and rigorous theory foundation that production rate, decline rate, and average reservoir pressure profiles have reference to each other, and its implementation steps are explained in the paper. The SMBE can, combined with the estimated pressure profile by the flow integral method, also be used to determine gas reserves which is not limited to the constant-BHP condition and can calibrate the estimates of the decline parameter method. The proposed methods are proven effective and reliable with several numerical cases at different BHPs and a field example.
•This work aims to explore whether cAMP-Epac1 signaling is also activated.•We verified the differential expression of Epac1 and Epac2 in the inner ear of guinea pigs with endolymphatic hydrops.•The ...results of this study showed DDAVP upregulated Epac1 protein expression in the guinea pig cochlea.•The article laid a theoretical foundation for further investigation on how DDAVP regulates endolymphatic metabolism to induce EH and affect inner ear function.
To explore whether Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)-Epac1 signaling is activated in 1-Desamino-8-D-arginine-Vasopressin-induced Endolymphatic Hydrops (DDAVP-induced EH) and to provide new insight for further in-depth study of DDAVP-induced EH.
Eighteen healthy, red-eyed guinea pigs (36 ears) weighing 200–350 g were randomly divided into three groups: the control group, which received intraperitoneal injection of sterile saline (same volume as that in the other two groups) for 7 consecutive days; the DDAVP-7d group, which received intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/mL/kg DDAVP for 7 consecutive days; and the DDAVP-14d group, which received intraperitoneal injection of 10 μg/mL/kg DDAVP for 14 consecutive days. After successful modeling, all animals were sacrificed, and cochlea tissues were collected to detect the mRNA and protein expression of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP-1 and 2 (Epac1, Epac2), and Repressor Activator Protein-1 (Rap1) by Reverse Transcription (RT)-PCR and western blotting, respectively.
Compared to the control group, the relative mRNA expression of Epac1, Epac2, Rap1A, and Rap1B in the cochlea tissue of the DDAVP-7d group was significantly higher (p < 0.05), while no significant difference in Rap1 GTPase activating protein (Rap1gap) mRNA expression was found between the two groups. The relative mRNA expression of Epac1, Rap1A, Rap1B, and Rap1gap in the cochlea tissue of the DDAVP-14d group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05), while no significant difference in Epac2 mRNA expression was found between the DDAVP-14d and control groups. Comparison between the DDAVP-14d and DDAVP-7d groups showed that the DDAVP-14d group had significantly lower Epac2 and Rap1A (p < 0.05) and higher Rap1gap (p < 0.05) mRNA expression in the cochlea tissue than that of the DDAVP-7d group, while no significant differences in Epac1 and Rap1B mRNA expression were found between the two groups. Western blotting showed that Epac1 protein expression in the cochlea tissue was the highest in the DDAVP-14d group, followed by that in the DDAVP-7d group, and was the lowest in the control group, showing significant differences between groups (p < 0.05); Rap1 protein expression in the cochlea tissue was the highest in the DDAVP-7d group, followed by the DDAVP-14d group, and was the lowest in the control group, showing significant differences between groups (p < 0.05); no significant differences in Epac2 protein expression in the cochlea tissue were found among the three groups.
DDAVP upregulated Epac1 protein expression in the guinea pig cochlea, leading to activation of the inner ear cAMP-Epac1 signaling pathway. This may be an important mechanism by which DDAVP regulates endolymphatic metabolism to induce EH and affect inner ear function.
Level 5.
Prognostics, which usually means the prediction of the field reliability or the Remaining Useful Life (RUL), is the basis of Prognostic and Health Management (PHM). Research in this paper focuses on ...remaining useful life prediction of aircraft engine in the same gradual degradation mode. As the gradual degradation with same failure mechanism has some regularity in macro, there would be certain relation between an arbitrary point of the degradation process and the correspondent RUL. This paper tries to learn this certain relation via neural network and the learned network, which reflects the relation, can be partly perceived as degradation pattern. The main prognostic idea of degradation pattern learning is firstly proposed and illustrated. And then an improved back propagation neural network is designed and analyzed as the implementation technique, in whose loss function an adjacent difference item is added. Next details of implementation via adjacent difference neural network are elaborated. Finally, the proposed approach is validated by two experiments respectively using different aircraft engine degradation datasets. Results of the experiments show a relatively good prediction accuracy, which verifies the correctness, effectiveness and practicability of the idea.
•Degradation pattern learning methodology based on mapping idea is proposed.•Item of adjacent difference for neural network is proposed.•Preprocessing framework for degradation data and a series of indicators are designed.•Prediction of remaining useful life on basic and extensional datasets is promising.
This work aims at the exploration of production data analysis (PDA) methods without iterations. It can overcome limitations of the advanced type curve analysis relying on the iterative calculation of ...material-balance pseudotime and current explicit methods reckoning on specific production schedule assumptions. The dynamic material balance equation (DMBE) is strictly proved by the integral variable substitution based on the gas flow equation under the boundary dominated flow (BDF) condition and the static material balance equation (SMBE) of a gas reservoir. We introduce the pseudopressure level function
γ
(
p
) and the recovery factor function
R
(
p
) to rewrite the DMBE in terms of observed variable
Y
and estimated variable
Y
e
; then the PDA can be transformed into an optimization problem of minimizing the error between
Y
and
Y
e
. An optimization-based method for the explicit production data analysis of gas wells (OBM-EPDA), therefore, is developed in the paper, capable of determining the BDF constant and gas reserves explicitly and accurately for variable rate and/or variable flowing pressure systems. Three stimulated cases demonstrate the applicability and validity of OBM-EPDA with small errors less than 1% for estimated values of both reserves and
Y
. Not second to previous studies, the field case analysis further proves its practicability. It is shown that the nonlinear relation of
γ
to
R
can be represented by a polynomial function merely dependent on the inherent properties of the gas production system even before sorting out the production data. The errors of observed variable
Y
provided by OBM-EPDA facilitate the data quality control, and the elimination of outliers not subject to the BDF condition improves the reliability of the analysis. For various gas systems producing whether at a constant rate, a constant bottomhole pressure (BHP), or under variable rate and variable BHP conditions, the proposed method gives insights into the well-controlled volume and production capacity of the gas well whether in a low-pressure or high-pressure gas reservoir, where the compressibilities of rock and bound water are considered.
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