Abstract
The redox center of transition metal oxides and hydroxides is generally considered to be the metal site. Interestingly, proton and oxygen in the lattice recently are found to be actively ...involved in the catalytic reactions, and critically determine the reactivity. Herein, taking glycerol electrooxidation reaction as the model reaction, we reveal systematically the impact of proton and oxygen anion (de)intercalation processes on the elementary steps. Combining density functional theory calculations and advanced spectroscopy techniques, we find that doping Co into Ni-hydroxide promotes the deintercalation of proton and oxygen anion from the catalyst surface. The oxygen vacancies formed in NiCo hydroxide during glycerol electrooxidation reaction increase
d
-band filling on Co sites, facilitating the charge transfer from catalyst surface to cleaved molecules during the 2
nd
C-C bond cleavage. Consequently, NiCo hydroxide exhibits enhanced glycerol electrooxidation activity, with a current density of 100 mA/cm
2
at 1.35 V and a formate selectivity of 94.3%.
In order to study the deterioration and mechanism of dry–wet cycles and sulfate attack on the performance of concrete in seaside and saline areas, the deterioration of compressive strength of ...concrete with different water cement ratios under different erosion environments (sodium sulfate soaking at room temperature and coupling of dry–wet cycling and sodium sulfate) was studied here. At the same time, ICT (industrial computed tomography) and NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) techniques were used to analyze the internal pore structure of concrete under different erosion environments. The results show that the compressive strength under different erosion environments increases first and then decreases, and the dry–wet cycle accelerates the sulfate erosion. With the increase of dry and wet cycles, larger pores are filled with erosion products and developed into small pores in the early stage of erosion; in the later stage of erosion, the proportion of larger pores increases, and cracks occur inside the sample. In the process of sulfate soaking and erosion, the smaller pores in the concrete account for the majority. As the sulfate erosion continues, the T2 spectrum distribution curve gradually moves right, and the signal intensity of the larger pores increases.
About one-third of adults have trouble sleeping, ranging from occasional difficulty to chronic insomnia, along with difficulty maintaining sleep. Many studies reported that the long-term use of ...hypnotics can cause brain dysfunction and damage cognition.
The objective of the study is to evaluate whether low, medium, and high doses of orexin dual receptor antagonists (DORA), zopiclone (ZOP), eszopiclone (ESZ), and zolpidem (ZST) can impair cognition.
From the beginning through September 20, 2022, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the therapeutic effects of DORA, eszopiclone, and zopiclone for sleep and cognitive function were included. The primary outcomes were indices related to the cognitive profile, including memory, alertness, execution and control function, and attention and orientation. The secondary outcomes were indices related to sleep and adverse events. The standard mean difference (SMD) was generated for continuous variables. Certain data were captured from figures by GetData 2.26 and analyzed using RStudio 4.2.
Finally, a total of 8,702 subjects were included in 29 studies. Compared with the placebo, the DSST (Digit Symbol Substitution Test) scores of low, medium, and high doses of DORA were SMD = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.33-1.20; SMD = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.11-2.05; and SMD = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.33-1.36, respectively. The DSST scores of zolpidem at low, medium, and high doses were SMD = -0.39; 95% CI: 0.85-0.07; SMD = -0.88, 95% CI: -2.34-0.58; and SMD = -0.12, 95% CI: -0.85-0.60, respectively. Zopiclone's DSST scale score was SMD = -0.18; 95% CI: -0.54-0.18. In addition, the total sleep time (TST) of low, medium, and high doses of DORA was SMD = 0.28, 95% CI: -0.15-0.70; SMD = 1.36, 95% CI: 0.87-1.86; and SMD = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.89-3.30, respectively. The TST of zolpidem with low, medium, and high doses was SMD = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.18-1.83; SMD = 1.94, 95% CI: 0.46-3.43; and SMD = 1.71, 95% CI: 0.86-2.56, respectively. The TST of low, medium, and high doses of eszopiclone was relatively SMD = 2.03, 95% CI: -0.21-4.27; SMD = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.35-3.42; and SMD = 1.71, 95% CI: 0.60-2.82. Zopiclone's TST was SMD = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.36-3.58.
We recommend DORA as the best intervention for insomnia because it is highly effective in inducing and maintaining sleep without impairing cognition. Although zolpidem has a more pronounced effect on maintaining sleep, it is best to reduce its use because of its side effects. Eszopiclone and zopiclone improved sleep quality, but their safety in cognition remains to be verified.
Orexin is a neuropeptide produced by the lateral hypothalamus that plays an important role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. The overexpression of the orexinergic system may be related to the ...pathology of sleep/wakefulness disorders in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD patients, the increase in cerebrospinal fluid orexin levels is associated with parallel sleep deterioration. Dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) can not only treat the sleep-wakefulness disorder of AD but also improve the performance of patients with cognitive behavior disorder. It is critical to clarify the role of the orexin system in AD, study its relationship with cognitive decline in AD, and evaluate the safety and efficacy of DORA.
The objective of this manuscript is to study the effects of nano-particle addition on the durability and internal deterioration of concrete subject to freezing and thawing cycles (FTCs). Fifteen nm ...of SiO2, 30 nm of SiO2, and 30 nm of TiO2 were added to concrete to prepare specimens with different contents. All the specimens were subjected to FTCs from 0 to 75. The mass of each specimen was measured once the FTCs reached 25, 50, and 75. Then the freezing and thawing resistance of the concrete was evaluated by computing the mass loss ratio. The pore fluid size distribution of the concrete was detected using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The deterioration of the concrete subjected to FTCs was detected by industrial computed tomography (CT). The effect of different nano-particle sizes, different contents of nano-particles, and different types of nano-particles on the freezing and thawing resistance, the pore size, distribution, and the deterioration of the concrete were analyzed. The effects of FTCs on the pore size distribution and the internal deterioration of concrete were also studied. Compared to 30 nm-Nono-SiO2 (NS), 15 nm-NS had a better effect in improving the internal structure for concrete, and 30 nm-Nano-TiO2 (NT) also had a better effect in preventing pore and crack expansion.
Insomnia is a common disease, and the application of various types of sleeping pills for cognitive impairment is controversial, especially as different doses can lead to different effects. Therefore, ...it is necessary to evaluate the cognitive impairment caused by different sleeping pills to provide a theoretical basis for guiding clinicians in the selection of medication regimens.
To evaluate whether various different doses (low, medium and high) of anti-insomnia drugs, such as the dual-orexin receptor antagonist (DORA), zopiclone, eszopiclone and zolpidem, induce cognitive impairment.
The PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception to September 20th, 2022 for keywords in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the therapeutic effects of DORA, eszopiclone, zopiclone and zolpidem on sleep and cognitive function. The primary outcomes were indicators related to cognitive characteristics, including scores on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and daytime alertness. The secondary outcomes were the indicators associated with sleep and adverse events. Continuous variables were expressed as the standard mean difference (SMD). Data were obtained through GetData 2.26 and analyzed by Stata v.15.0.
A total of 8702 subjects were included in 29 studies. Eszopiclone
significantly increased the daytime alertness score (SMD = 3.00, 95 % CI: 1.86 to 4.13) compared with the placebo, and eszopiclone
significantly increased the daytime alertness score (SMD = 4.21, 95 % CI: 1.65 to 6.77; SMD = 3.95, 95 % CI: 1.38 to 6.51; SMD = 3.26, 95 % CI: 0.38 to 6.15; and SMD = 3.23, 95 % CI: 0.34 to 6.11) compared with zolpidem
, zolpidem
, DORA
, and eszopiclone
, respectively. Compared with the placebo, zopiclone, zolpidem
, and eszopiclone
, DORA significantly increased the TST (SMD = 2.39, 95 % CI: 1.11 to 3.67; SMD = 6.00, 95 % CI: 2.73 to 9.27; SMD = 1.89, 95 % CI: 0.90 to 2.88; and SMD = 1.70, 95 % CI: 0.42 to 2.99, respectively).
We recommend DORA as the best intervention for insomnia because it was highly effective in inducing and maintaining sleep without impairing cognition. Although zolpidem had a more pronounced effect on sleep maintenance, this drug is better for short-term use. Eszopiclone and zopiclone improved sleep, but their cognitive effects have yet to be verified.
Doping perovskite oxide with different cations is used to improve its electro‐catalytic performance for various energy and environment devices. In this work, an activated lattice oxygen activity in ...Pr0.4Sr0.6CoxFe0.9−xNb0.1O3−δ (PSCxFN, x = 0, 0.2, 0.7) thin film model system by B‐site cation doping is reported. As Co doping level increases, PSCxFN thin films exhibit higher concentration of oxygen vacancies (Vo••) as revealed by X‐ray diffraction and synchrotron‐based X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculation results suggest that Co doping leads to more distortion in FeO octahedra and weaker metaloxygen bonds caused by the increase of antibonding state, thereby lowering Vo•• formation energy. As a consequence, PSCxFN thin film with higher Co‐doping level presents larger amount of exsolved particles on the surface. Both the facilitated Vo•• formation and B‐site cation exsolution lead to the enhanced hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) activity. Excessive Co doping until 70%, nevertheless, results in partial decomposition of thin film and degrades the stability. Pr0.4Sr0.6(Co0.2Fe0.7Nb0.1)O3 with moderate Co doping level displays both good HOR activity and stability. This work clarifies the critical role of B‐site cation doping in determining the Vo•• formation process, the surface activity, and structure stability of perovskite oxides.
An activated lattice oxygen activity in Pr0.4Sr0.6CoxFe0.9−xNb0.1O3−δ (PSCxFN, x = 0, 0.2, 0.7) thin film model system by B‐site cation doping is reported. Co doping in PSCxFN facilitates oxygen vacancy formation and promotes B‐site cation exsolution, thereby enhances the electrochemical performance at elevated temperatures. Excessive Co doping until 70%, nevertheless, results in partial decomposition of the materials and degrades the stability.
We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety profiles of different dosages of dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) and zolpidem on insomnia and cognitive function.
Databases including PubMed, ...Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles. The standard mean difference (SMD) was generated for consecutive variants. A dose‒response meta-regression model was constructed in RStudio 4.2.1 to compare the efficacy and safety of low, medium and high doses of DORAs and zolpidem on cognitive function and insomnia.
A total of 22 studies with 8,223 subjects were included. Compared with the placebo, low and medium doses of DORAs significantly decreased motor vehicle accidents/violations (SMD= -0.02, 95 % CI: -0.21 to 0.17 and SMD= -0.36, 95 % CI: -0.52 to -0.20, respectively), whereas medium and high doses of zolpidem significantly increased this index (SMD=0.77, 95 % CI: 0.39 to 1.16 and SMD=1.17, 95 % CI: 0.62 to 1.72, respectively). In addition, the total sleep time (TST) of low, medium, and high doses of DORAs was SMD=0.28, 95 % CI: - 0.15 to 0.70; SMD=1.36, 95 % CI: 0.87 to 1.86; and SMD=2.59, 95 % CI: 1.89 to 3.30, respectively. The TST of zolpidem at low, medium, and high doses was SMD=1.01, 95 % CI: 0.18 to 1.83; SMD=1.94, 95 % CI: 0.46 to 3.43; and SMD=1.71, 95 % CI: 0.86 to 2.56, respectively.
We recommend DORAs as the best intervention for insomnia. DORAs were highly effective in inducing and maintaining sleep without impairing cognition. More head-to-head studies are needed to extend and consolidate our findings.
Underwater superaerophobic surface is of great significance for controllable manipulation of gas bubbles in scientific research and practical applications. However, the fabrication of ...arbitrary-shaped superaerophobic solid surfaces through a simple and low-cost approach is still hard. Herein, superaerophobic 3D objects were manufactured via liquid crystal display (LCD)-based 3D printing (vat photopolymerisation-based additive manufacturing) combined with one-step post-surface-treatment in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The influences of NaOH concentration, reaction temperature and time on the wettability of the polymer surface were systematically investigated. After a suitable alkali-treatment, the object surface obtained a bubble contact angle of 159° with extremely low bubble adhesion, featuring the underwater superaerophobicity. Morphology and composition characterisation demonstrated that a hydrophilic gel layer was produced on the printed sheet after the alkali-treatment, which is explained as the main mechanism of the superwetting transition from aerophobicity to superaerophobicity. Interestingly, spontaneously formed surface microgrids (size in xy direction: ∼50 μm) during 3D printing accelerated the alkali-treatment. Further, a superaerophobic 3D tweezer was designed, fabricated, and successfully applied in a toxic nitric oxide (NO) bubble reaction underwater for gas purity detection. The one-step post-surface-treatment method is also suitable for other commercial photosensitive resins and digital-light-processing (DLP) 3D printing.
Solid oxide cells (SOCs) have attracted great attention in the past decades because of their high conversion efficiency, low environmental pollution and diversified fuel options. Nickel-based ...catalysts are the most widely used fuel electrode materials for SOCs due to the low price and high activity. However, when hydrocarbon fuels are employed, nickel-based electrodes face serious carbon deposition challenges, leading to a rapid decline of cell performance. Great efforts have been devoted to understanding the occurrence of the coking reaction, and to improving the stability of the electrodes in hydrocarbon fuels. In this review, we summarize recent research progress of utilizing surface modification to improve the stability and activity of Ni-based electrodes for SOCs by preventing carbon coking. The review starts with a briefly introduction about the reaction mechanism of carbon deposition, followed by listing several surface modification technologies and their working principles. Then we introduce representative works using surface modification strategies to prevent carbon coking on Ni-based electrodes. Finally, we highlight future direction of improving electrode catalytic activity and anti-coking performance through surface engineering.
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