•Various interfacial structures were observed in the emulsions.•The SPs–TS mixtures displayed synergistic effects in interfacial tension decays.•TS as the outer layer improved the oxidative stability ...of the emulsion.•TS not only fills the interfacial gaps but also adsorbs on the particle surfaces.•TS inhibited the release of free fatty acids during emulsion digestion.
Herein, the effects of the concentration (0.1%–1.0%, w/v) and addition sequence of tea saponin (TS) on the physical stability, oxidative stability, rheological properties, and in vitro digestion of the emulsions stabilized by heat-induced soy protein isolate nanoparticles (SPs) were investigated. The results revealed that the concentration and addition sequence of TS have significant impact on the microstructure, stability, rheological properties, and in vitro digestion of the emulsions. TS was shown to not only fill the interfacial gaps but also adsorb on the particle surfaces, contributing to interfacial wettability. With increasing TS concentration, interfacial tension decay is clearly observed. Further, TS endows the droplets with electrostatic repulsion and steric resistance, preventing their flocculation, coalescence, and oxidation. Finally, in vitro digestion experiments demonstrated that the presence of TS delayed the lipid digestion of the emulsions.
In this study, oil bodies (OBs) loaded with curcumin (Cur) were successfully prepared via an ultrasonic and pH-driven method. Ultrasonic treatment significantly improved the encapsulation efficiency ...(EE) and loading capacity (LC) of Cur, producing OB particles with small size, uniform distribution, and high ζ-potential absolute values. When the ultrasonic power was 200 W, the EE, LC, and ζ-potential absolute value were the greatest (88.27 %, 0.044 %, and -25.71 mV, respectively), and the OBs possessed the highest yellowness, representing the best treatment result. The confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) results was also intuitionally shown that. Moreover, circular dichroism (CD) proved that ultrasonic treatment could unfold the surface protein structure, further enhancing the stability. Therefore, the cream index (CI), peroxide value (POV), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were the lowest when the ultrasonic power was 200 W. In this case, the Cur loaded in OBs was well protected against hostile conditions, evidenced by the highest Cur retention rate and the lowest degradation rate constant. Finally, the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulation results showed that the ultrasonic treatment effectively increased the release of FFA, bioaccessibility, and stability of Cur, especially when the ultrasonic power was 200 W. This research offers a new OB-based delivery system to stabilize, deliver, and protect Cur for food processing.
Soy protein isolate (SPI) has useful functional properties, such as gelation, emulsification, and foaming. However, SPI is usually dense and has a unique spherical structure, which hinders its ...practical application. In this study, the effects of three typical catechins (epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epicatechin (EC)) on the structure and functional properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) under alkali conditions were investigated. Compared with the native SPI, the fluorescence intensity of SPI–EC, SPI–EGC, and SPI–EGCG complexes decreased, while their fluorescence quenching rate and binding sites increased, indicating the formation of covalent complexes. The SPI–EGCG complex has a higher fluorescence quenching rate and more binding sites than those of SPI–EC and SPI–EGCG complexes. The emulsifying activity and stability of the SPI–EGCG complex were 1.16 m2/g and 147 min, respectively, higher than those of latter two complexes. Hence, the functional property of SPI and the stability of catechins could be improved by the covalent interaction between the two. This study provides new insights into the relationship between the type of polyphenol and the structure of SPI.
•Covalent complexes of SPI with three types of catechins were fabricated.•The covalent complexes had higher fluorescence quenching rate than the native SPI.•The interaction of SPI with different catechins changed its secondary structure.•The addition of the catechins improved the functional properties of the SPI.
•Eight kinds of DESs based on choline chloride were used to modify O-HsGY.•MWCNTs were used to composite with eight DES-O-HsGYs.•DES5-O-HsGY with large specific surface area and composites with ...MWCNTs with rich pore structure had strong selective adsorption effect on myricetin.•The composite of DES-O-HsGY and MWCNTs effectively improved the electrochemical properties of DES-O-HsGY, such as specific capacitance.
Oxidized hydrogen-substituted graphyne (O-HsGY) was modified with eight kinds of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs), and the adsorption and electrochemical properties of the material were enhanced by dual driving of N-doping and DES modification. The resulting materials were composited with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to overcome the limitations of individual carbon nanomaterial applications. The structure and properties of the materials were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer Emmett Teller and UV–Vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy, and the adsorption and electrochemical properties of the materials were studied. Characterization results showed that the obtained materials had wide interlayer spacing (0.403 nm), abundant pore structure, and large forbidden band width (1.68 eV). The modification of DESs severely affected the π-π conjugation of graphyne, thereby enhanced the adsorption capacity of myricetin. The cyclic voltammetry curve showed that DESs modification and composite with MWCNTs could effectively improve the specific capacitance of the materials, and the composite electrode had obvious redox potential peak, which indicate that it introduced pseudocapacitance to the materials. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge–discharge curves also showed that the electrodes prepared by these materials had small resistance value and good electrochemical reversibility. Therefore, it provided a reference for the development of new carbon nanomaterials and their applications in the fields of separation analysis, adsorption and energy storage.
The anonymity mechanism of bitcoin is favored by the society, which promotes its usage and development. An adversary should not be able to discover the relation between bitcoin addresses and bitcoin ...users to ensure effective privacy. However, the relation among bitcoin transactions can be used to analyze the bitcoin privacy information, which seriously jeopardizes the bitcoin anonymity. Herein, we describe the vulnerabilities associated with the anonymity mechanism of bitcoin, including the relation among bitcoin addresses and the relation among bitcoin users. Further, we demonstrate that the existing methods do not guarantee the comprehensiveness, accuracy, and efficiency of the analysis results. We propose a heuristic clustering method to judge the relation among bitcoin addresses and employ the Louvain method to discover the relation among bitcoin users. Subsequently, we construct an address-associated database of historical transactions and implement real-time updates. Extensive experiments are used to demonstrate the comprehensiveness, accuracy, and efficiency of the proposed scheme. Specifically, the proposed scheme reveals the privacy vulnerability associated with the blockchain technology. We expect that our scheme can be applied to improve the blockchain technology.
Many bioactive substances have excellent functional properties, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor; however, they are often susceptible to degradation by external factors ...such as light, heat, pH, and ionic strength. To improve stability and bioavailability, various methods have been developed to encapsulate bioactive substances. Emulsion approaches have shown excellent performance for the encapsulation, controlled release, and targeted delivery of bioactive substances. However, a single emulsification material is not sufficient to keep complex foods stable over a wide range of conditions of pH, storage time, and temperature. Improved food emulsions can be designed by combining emulsifiers with distinct properties to meet the range of necessary requirements. For example, the formation of multilayer interfaces around oil droplets, using layer-by-layer self-assembly in oil-in-water emulsions, can improve the quality and stability of many foods. This technology allows the gradual adsorption of various components, including polyelectrolytes, nanoparticles, proteins, and enzymes, and allows for the formation of a multilayer shell with nanometer thickness and high stability. This paper reviews latest developments in the preparation, characterization, and application of multilayer emulsion delivery systems for bioactive substances. Furthermore, we discuss next steps in the development of multilayer emulsions to achieve effective encapsulation and delivery of bioactive substances.
QCS-OSA hydrogels synergistically crosslinked via Schiff base bonding and electrostatic interactions for controlled curcumin release.
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•The aldehyde content of OSA was adjusted by ...controlling the M/G ratio.•Hydrogels based on Schiff base and electrostatic synergic cross-linking.•Hydrogels were injectable and self-healing with excellent rheological behavior.•Controlled curcumin release by modulating the network structure of hydrogels.
Controlling bioactive ingredients release by modulating the 3D network structure of cross-linked hydrogels is important for functional food development. Hereby, oxidized sodium alginate (OSA) with varying aldehyde contents was formed by periodate oxidation of sodium alginate (SA) with different β-d-mannuronic acid (M) and α-l-guluronic acid (G) ratios (M/G = 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1) and its structure was characterized. Moreover, hydrogels were prepared via Schiff base and electrostatic interactions between quaternized chitosan (QCS) and OSA. The properties of hydrogels such as microstructure, thermal stability, swelling and controlled release were investigated. The results showed that OSA with M/G = 1:2 had the highest content of aldehyde groups, and the hydrogel formed by it and QCS had higher thermal stability and a denser network structure with the lowest equilibrium swelling rate, which could better control the release of curcumin. Additionally, it had good self-healing and can recover rapidly after the rupture of its network structure.
•l-Arginine/l-lysine improved physical stability of O/W emulsions stabilized by SPH.•l-Arginine and l-lysine reduced the apparent viscosity of emulsions by inhibiting droplet flocculation and ...coalescence.•l-Arginine/l-lysine (≤0.5 %) retarded the protein-lipid co-oxidation of emulsions.•The physical stability is closely related to oxidative stability of emulsions.
This work investigated the physical stability, microstructure, and oxidative stability of the emulsions prepared by soy protein hydrolysate (SPH) after modification with different concentrations of l-arginine and l-lysine. l-Arginine and l-lysine significantly increased the absolute zeta potential values, and decreased droplet sizes of the emulsions, thereby improving the physical stability of the emulsions. Meanwhile, l-arginine and l-lysine markedly decreased the apparent viscosity of the emulsions. The measurement of interfacial protein adsorption percentage showed that l-arginine (≤0.5 %) promoted the adsorption of SPH at the oil–water interface, whereas l-lysine (≤1%) reduced the adsorption of SPH at the oil–water interface. In addition, l-arginine and l-lysine (≤0.5 %) could retard lipid and protein oxidation. Correlation analysis indicated that the improvement in the physical stability of the emulsions by l-arginine and l-lysine also enhanced the oxidative stability of the emulsions. In summary, l-arginine and l-lysine could be effective modifiers for the protein-based emulsion systems.
The variations in average particle size, zeta potential, free fatty acids (FFA) release rate, and the bioavailability of menthol under in vitro simulated digestion conditions of peppermint oil ...nanoemulsion were investigated. 3D confocal laser scanning microscopy and Cryo-scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the microstructure characteristics of peppermint oil nanoemulsion, which indicated that soybean protein was completely adsorbed at the oil-water interface of the nanoemulsion and presented a core shell structure. And the results indicated that FFA release rate and menthol bioavailability of peppermint oil nanoemulsion prepared by using high-pressure homogenization were much higher. In the simulated gastric digestion phase, the average particle size and the zeta potential of the nanoemulsion increased, and droplet polymerization appeared. After the simulated intestinal, the interfacial protein of nanoemulsion was hydrolyzed, and the oil droplets were digested, which resulted in the decreased particle size and increased absolute value of zeta potential.
In this study, we investigated the spray-drying microencapsulation of β-carotene in oil co-stabilized by soy protein isolate-epigallocatechin-3-gallate conjugate (SPE) and small molecule surfactants ...sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and tea saponin (TS) of different concentrations 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% (w/v), as a prospective approach to stabilize β-carotene. The results show that different surfactant types and concentrations significantly affect the encapsulation efficiency, water dispersibility, microstructure, and digestion of the microcapsules. Interactions between the surfactants and the SPE at the interface were found to include both synergistic and competitive effects, and they depended on the surfactant type and concentration. Moreover, the addition of SDS and TS before spray drying significantly improved the microencapsulation performance of the microcapsules and the water dispersion behavior of the corresponding spray-dried powders. The highest encapsulation efficiency was achieved for the SPE-0.1TS-encapsulated β-carotene microcapsules. In contrast, the addition of CTAB was not conducive to microcapsule formation, resulting in poor encapsulation efficiency, water dispersibility, thermal stability, β-carotene retention rate, and oxidation stability.
gastrointestinal digestion results revealed that the addition of CTAB promotes the release of β-carotene and improves the bioaccessibility of β-carotene. In contrast, except for SPE-1.0SDS, the addition of SDS and TS inhibited β-carotene release and reduced β-carotene bioaccessibility. This study demonstrated that this novel β-carotene encapsulation formulation can overcome stability limitations for the development of β-carotene supplements with a high bioaccessibility.
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