Summary
Until now, there have been only a few retrospective studies that focused on the outcomes of sandwich vertebral bodies (SVBs). This is a long-term retrospective cohort study to investigate the ...SVBs. We found that although patients with SVBs had a relatively high risk of developing new fractures after VA, the incidence rate of new fractures was not significantly different from that of the control group. However, the statistical power of this study was very limited. Therefore, and because the refracture rate in these patients is substantial, routine long-term monitoring of patients after VA for osteoporosis is strongly recommended.
Background
Sandwich vertebral bodies (SVBs) are intact unaugmented vertebral bodies between two previously augmented vertebrae. Until recently, only a few studies have reported the outcomes and strategies for SVBs. This retrospective cohort study aimed to describe the clinical features and incidence of new fractures in patients with SVBs.
Methods
The clinical data were collected from 179 patients with 237 symptomatic osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures who underwent vertebral augmentation (VA). Among them, 23 patients with 24 levels of SVBs were included. Spinal radiographs (X-ray and CT) of all patients were evaluated prior to surgery 1 day after primary VA and during follow-up.
Results
All patients successfully underwent PKP with an average follow-up period of 21.48 months. Asymptomatic cement leakage occurred in four patients (17.4%), and eight patients (34.8%) developed new fractures following primary PKP, including four sandwich, six adjacent, four remote vertebral fractures, and one re-collapse of cemented vertebrae. The incidence of new fractures in the SVB and control groups was 16.7% (4/24) and 13.0% (6/46), respectively, but there was no significant difference.
Conclusions
Although patients with SVBs had a relatively high risk of developing new fractures after VA, the incidence rate of new fractures was not significantly different from that of the control group. However, the statistical power of this study was very limited. Therefore, and because the refracture rate in these patients is substantial, routine long-term monitoring of patients after VA for osteoporosis is strongly recommended.
Y2.85Al5-ySiyO12-(3x-y)/2Nx: Ce3+0.15 phosphors were prepared using aluminum nitride (AlN) and silica (SiO2) as the sources of N and Si by the high temperature solid state reaction method. XRD ...patterns of the phosphors present a pure phase but have a slight translation compared to the standard card of Y3Al5O12(YAG). The Al3+-N3- bonds and Y3+-N3- bonds were detected by the analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The tendency to bond with N3− ions for the cations changes from Y3+>Ce3+ to Ce3+>Y3+ for the samples introduced SiO2. Photoluminescence spectra (PL & PLE) show that the crystal field splitting (CFS) and the nephelauxetic effect (NE) play a conflicting role in spectral shifting. When x = y, NE plays a major role and the emission red shift reaches the maximum. The thermoluminescence tests (TL) confirm that temperature quenching of the phosphors is caused by the thermally-activated crossover process.
Y2.85Al5-ySiyO12-(3x-y)/2Nx: Ce3+0.15 phosphors were prepared using aluminum nitride (AlN) and silica (SiO2) as the sources of N and Si by the high temperature solid state reaction method. XRD ...patterns of the phosphors present a pure phase but have a slight translation compared to the standard card of Y3Al5O12(YAG). The Al3+-N3- bonds and Y3+-N3- bonds were detected by the analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The tendency to bond with N3− ions for the cations changes from Y3+>Ce3+ to Ce3+>Y3+ for the samples introduced SiO2. Photoluminescence spectra (PL & PLE) show that the crystal field splitting (CFS) and the nephelauxetic effect (NE) play a conflicting role in spectral shifting. When x = y, NE plays a major role and the emission red shift reaches the maximum. The thermoluminescence tests (TL) confirm that temperature quenching of the phosphors is caused by the thermally-activated crossover process.
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•The Y2.85Al5O11.55N0.3: Ce3+0.15 phosphors are prepared using AlN and SiO2 as the sources of N3− and Si4+.•The CFS and NE play a conflicting role in spectral tuning in the resultant phosphors.•The tendency to bond with N3− for the cations changes from Y3+>Ce3+ to Ce3+>Y3+ when Si4+ were introduced.•Both red-shift and FWHM of emission spectra reach the maximum when N3− and Si4+ have the same amount.
A series of Y2.94-xLuxAl4GaO12: 0.06Ce3+ phosphors were prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method. It was confirmed that the phosphors exhibit cubic garnet crystal structures by XRD ...and Rietveld refinements. The phosphors show an intense broad emission band from 475 nm to 650 nm, which attributed to the 5d→4f transitions of the Ce3+ ions under the excitation of 450 nm. Simultaneously, obvious blue shift is observed from 518 nm to 497 nm with increasing Lu3+ concentrations from 0 to 2.94. With the increase of Lu3+ concentrations the emission intensity increases and reaches to the maximum for x = 2.5. By optimizing Lu3+ concentration, the quantum efficiency up to 89.8% is obtained. The emission intensity at 453 K is up to 92% of that at room-temperature indicating a weak thermal quenching and a superior thermal stability. These results indicate that the phosphor can be used in blue LED-Chip based white LEDs in the future.
Tb
3+
doped Na
3
LuSi
2
O
7
(NLSO) phosphors were prepared by a solid state reaction technique. The crystal structures and the influence of Tb
3+
concentration on the photoluminescence, ...cathodoluminescence of the phosphors were investigated. Two groups of emission lines had been observed, which were corresponding to Tb
3+ 5
D
3
→
7
F
J
(J = 6, 5, 4, 3) and
5
D
4
→
7
F
J
(J = 6, 5, 4, 3) transitions. The physical mechanisms for excitation, emission, concentration quenching and the cross-relaxation mechanism between the
5
D
3
and
5
D
4
emission were investigated in detail. Cathodoluminescence properties were also studied for the optimized samples as a function of filament current. The Commission International de I-Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates were calculated for the NLSO:Tb
3+
phosphors.
Y2.9-xAl4.25Ga0.75O12:Ce0.13+,Smx (YAGG) (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 006, 0.08, 0.10) phosphors were prepared by high temperature solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectrum ...techniques were used to analyze the samples. The luminescence and energy transfer properties of samples were discussed in detail. The results indicated that a new emission peak located at 617 nm corresponding to the 4G5/2 → 6H5/2 transition of Sm3+ ion were observed after co-doping of Sm3+ ions. Energy transfer from Ce3+ to Sm3+ ions was demonstrated in YAGG host based on the emission spectra which lead to the decreases of emission intensity of Ce3+ ions with the increase of Sm3+ concentration. The energy transfer efficiency between Ce3+ and Sm3+ ions as high as 69.3% was calculated. The energy transfer type from Ce3+ to Sm3+ ions was supposed to be a resonant type through dipole–dipole.
Y
3−y
Al
5−x
Ga
x
O
12
:Ce
3+
y
phosphors were prepared by high temperature solid state reaction method. The crystal structures, the influence of Ga
3+
concentration on the photoluminescence (PL), ...cathodoluminescence, thermal stability and morphology of the phosphors were studied in detail. The results indicated that diffraction angle of the samples decreased gradually with the increase of Ga
3+
ions content in XRD pattern. The emission peak of the spectra show a progressive blue-shift, the intensity increased first and then decreased and the optimal Ga
3+
concentration in Y
2.94
Al
5−x
Ga
x
O
12
:Ce
3+
0.06
phosphors is x = 0.75. The critical concentration of Ce
3+
in YAGG:Ce
3+
phosphors is affected with the ratio of Ga
3+
to Al
3+
and the Y
2.9
Al
4.25
Ga
0.75
O
12
:Ce
3+
0.1
phosphor showed the best performance on PL. However, the optimum concentration of Y
3−y
Al
5−x
Ga
x
O
12
:Ce
3+
y
phosphors is x = 1.5 and y = 0.04 when they were excited by cathode ray.
Y
2
.
9
-
x
A
l
4
.
25
G
a
0
.
75
O
12
:
Ce
0
.
1
3
+
,
S
m
x
(YAGG) (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 006, 0.08, 0.10) phosphors were prepared by high temperature solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction ...and fluorescence spectrum techniques were used to analyze the samples. The luminescence and energy transfer properties of samples were discussed in detail. The results indicated that a new emission peak located at 617 nm corresponding to the
4
G
5/2
→
6
H
5/2
transition of Sm
3+
ion were observed after co-doping of Sm
3+
ions. Energy transfer from Ce
3+
to Sm
3+
ions was demonstrated in YAGG host based on the emission spectra which lead to the decreases of emission intensity of Ce
3+
ions with the increase of Sm
3+
concentration. The energy transfer efficiency between Ce
3+
and Sm
3+
ions as high as 69.3% was calculated. The energy transfer type from Ce
3+
to Sm
3+
ions was supposed to be a resonant type through dipole–dipole.
•Depressive and anxiety symptoms affect 1 in 4 women in their first trimester.•Depressive symptoms are 2.7 times more likely in women facing threatened miscarriage.•48.8% of women facing threatened ...miscarriage are at high risk for clinical anxiety.•Among partners of first trimester women, 10% are at risk for depressive illness.•Partners’ depression scores are not significantly affected by threatened miscarriage.
Antenatal depression has been associated with poor maternal and fetal outcomes, and threatened miscarriage is often seen clinically to impact adversely on maternal wellbeing, notwithstanding the limited research evidence. Our study aims to examine the link between threatened miscarriage and antenatal depression and anxiety in an Asian obstetric population.
We recruited 121 women and 68 partners facing threatened miscarriage, and 241 women and 180 partners experiencing uncomplicated pregnancies from a tertiary maternity hospital in Singapore. All participants completed a Patient Information Questionnaire and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).
The proportion of women with major depressive and anxiety symptomatology was significantly higher among women facing threatened miscarriage compared to those with stable pregnancies (depressive: 33.1% vs. 17.0%, p = 0.008; anxiety: 48.8% vs. 23.7%, p < 0.0001). Amongst their partners, there was a non-significant trend towards a similar finding (depressive: 10.3% vs. 7.2%, p = 0.439; anxiety: 23.5% vs. 18.9%, p = 0.478). Threatened miscarriage remained significantly associated with major depressive symptomatology after adjusting for potential confounders among women (OR 2.70; 95% CI 1.55, 4.71; p < 0.0001) but not among their partners (OR 1.47; 95% CI 0.56, 3.87; p = 0.430).
This study is limited by its cross-sectional design and relatively small sample size for male partners.
Antenatal depressive and anxiety symptomatology affects one in four women in their first trimester, with even higher prevalence among women facing threatened miscarriage. Targeted depression and anxiety screening that includes women facing threatened miscarriages may facilitate early and efficient detection and management of mental health problems among pregnant women.
