The Constitutional referendum held 16.04. 2017. has brought many changes in the constitutional regulation of the Republic of Turkey. Elected constitutional changes have brought the danger that this ...country moves from the path of constitutional democracy to the autocratic rule of one person. However, to better understand this kind of change on the Turkish political scene, it will be necessary to take into consideration of the historical inheritance which to a large extent provides the decisive impulse to the current political regulation of the country. It is precisely because of this that this paper also focusses on the historical development of the constitutionality of this country together with emphasising all the factors which have played and are still playing a large role. Only with such consideration of the whole picture can an assessment of the situation today and certain assumptions about the future political development of relations in this country be made. Therefore, in the first part of this paper the development of the constitutionality of the Republic of Turkey is shown and after that there follows an assessment of the current situation, in particular, possible future developments according to the recently adopted constitutional changes. Above all, both the role of the most significant politicians is taken into account as well as the role of the extra political factors which have shaped and directed constitutional development of this country.
Ustavotvorni referendum održan 16. IV. 2017. g. donio je mnogo promjena u ustavnom uređenju Republike Turske. Izglasane ustavne promjene donose opasnost da ova država prijeđe put od ustavne demokracije do autokratske vladavine jednog čovjeka. Međutim, za bolje razumijevanje takvog zaokreta na turskoj političkoj sceni bit će potrebno uzeti u obzir povijesno nasljeđe koje u velikoj mjeri daje odlučujuće impulse trenutnom političkom uređenju zemlje. Upravo zbog toga, u ovom radu pozornost se posvećuje i povijesnom razvoju ustavnosti te države, uz naglašavanje svih onih čimbenika koji su u njemu igrali, ili još uvijek igraju, veliku ulogu. Tek uz ovakvo sagledavanje cjelokupne slike može se dati ocjena sadašnjeg stanja te razviti određena predodžba budućeg razvitka političkih odnosa u toj državi. Stoga se u prvom dijelu rada prikazuje razvoj ustavnosti Republike Turske te nakon toga slijedi ocjena trenutnog stanja i, posebice, mogućeg daljnjeg razvoja prema nedavno usvojenim ustavnim promjenama. Pri svemu tome uzima se u obzir i uloga najznačajnijih političkih, ali i ekstrapolitičkih čimbenika koji su oblikovali i usmjeravali ustavni razvoj turske države.
U ovom tekstu izložit će se pitanje jednog novog oblika konstitucionalizma: zelenog ili ekološkog konstitucionalizma, koji je postao svojevrsno „pitanje dana“ suvremene ustavne politike, kao i ...osnovne konture njegove problematike s kojom se susreće moderni ustavotvorac i ona demokratska politika koji su voljni realizirati mjere „ekološki protektivne politike“. Posebna pozornost će se, dakle, pokloniti izvorima, oblicima i svrsi afirmacije recentnog zelenog konstitucionalizma. Temeljno je polazište da konstitucionalizaciju zaštite okoliša ne treba promatrati kao panaceu koju bi trebalo izbjegavati ili uklanjati iz amplituda ordinarnog političkog odlučivanja. Naprotiv, inzistiranjem na njegovoj konstruktivnoj ulozi moguće je zagovarati i ostvarivati demokratsku političku kontrolu nad „raspojasanim“ snagama tržišta koje preko okoliša i drugih pitanja koja se tiču javnog dobra već dugo žele do kraja ostvariti politiku deregulacije i korporativne vladavine.
This text presents the issue of a new form of constitutionalism: green or ecological constitutionalism, which has become its own kind of „today's issue “of contemporary constitutional politics. This also includes the basic contour of this problem area with which the modern constitution maker is faced Also introduced will be democratic politics with which they are willing to achieve measures of „ecological protective policy“. Particular attention will be given to the sources, forms and aims of affirming recent green constitutionalism. The fundamental starting point is that constitutionalising environmental protection should not be viewed as a panacea which should be avoided or removed from the amplitudes of ordinary political decision making. On the contrary, by insisting on its constructive role, one could also discuss and achieve democratic political control over „licentious“ market forces which through environmental and other issues regarding the public good, for a long time have wanted to completely achieve deregulation and corporative rule policy.
Ustavni sud, još od vremena uvođenja ove institucije u pravni sustav, ima značajnu ulogu u ustavno-pravnom sustavu. S vremenom značaj ove institucije se povećavao. Tako Ustavni sud polako postaje ...nezaobilazan akter u kreiranju najvažnijih političkih i pravnih procesa u državi. Jedan od najočitijih primjera ovakvog širokog značaja Ustavnog suda je slučaj demokratske tranzicije u Južnoafričkoj Republici tijekom 90-ih godina prošloga stoljeća. Naime, tada je Ustavni sud Južnoafričke Republike imao jednu od glavnih uloga u usmjeravanju, ali i kreiranju novoga ustavnopravnog okvira koji je za svrhu imao osigurati uspješnu tranziciju. Zapravo, može se kazati, da je sam Ustavni sud sudjelovao u kreiranju novoga ustavnog uređenja, što svakako predstavlja raritetan primjer ovakve uloge ove institucije u cijelom procesu ustavne izgradnje određene države. Naravno, pored Ustavnog suda uspostavljeni su i drugi institucionalni i pravni mehanizmi u svrhu što lakšeg i uspješnijeg prijelaza iz sustava apartheida u demokraciju. Mnogi od njh su preuzeti iz drugih sustava te prilagođeni potrebama i društvenim okolnostima Južnoafričke Republike. Sukladno tome, iskustvo ove države i njena rješenja mogu poslužiti kao uzor drugim državama koje se nalaze u postupku vlastite demokratske tranzicije.
The Constitutional Court, since the introduction of this institution into the legal system, has played a significant role in the legal constitutional system. With time the importance of this institution has increased. Thus, the Constitutional Court has slowly become an unavoidable participant in the creation of the most important political and legal processes in the country. One of the most obvious examples of the wide significance of the Constitutional Court is the case of the democratic transition in the Republic of South Africa during the 90's of the last century. That is, then the Constitutional Court of the Republic of South Africa played one of the main roles in directing and in creating the new legal constitutional framework the aim of which was to ensure a successful transition. Actually, it can be said that the Constitutional Court itself participated in the creation of this new constitutional order which certainly represented a rare example of such a role of this institution in the whole process of the constitutional construction of a country. Naturally, apart from the Constitutional Court other institutional and legal mechanisms were established in the aim of a smoother and more successful transition from apartheid to democracy. Many of them were taken from other systems and adapted to the needs and social circumstances of the Republic of South Africa. Consequently, the experience of this country and its solutions could be an example to look up to for other countries in the process of their own democratic transition.
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