•Fluorescent plaque index for plaque detection and level scoring was analyzed.•It can detect and distinguish plaque without use of disclosing agents.•It can help clinicians provide evidence of ...periodontal disease to patients.•It can be used as a screening method for periodontal diseases and for large-scale examinations.
The aims of this study were to evaluate the clinical applicability of a new fluorescent plaque index scoring (FPI) with the Turesky modified Quigley-Hein plaque index (mQH) and to evaluate its relationship with plaque maturity.
In total 69 subjects participated in this study. White-light and fluorescent images of anterior teeth were acquired using a Qraycam (AIOBIO, Seoul, Korea). FPI was obtained from fluorescent images using the proprietary software (Q-Ray v.1.39, Inspektor Research System BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Teeth were stained with a two-tone disclosing agent. mQH was used to manually score the combined red and blue disclosed plaque (Combi-mQH) and blue disclosed plaque (Blue-mQH) with the white-light images. Linear relationships between FPI and Combi-mQH (or Blue-mQH) were evaluated by using simple linear regression analysis. Differences of Combi-mQH (or Blue-mQH) with respect to FPI scores were statistically evaluated by using ANOVA with Duncan post hoc correction.
FPI showed a moderate positive correlation with Combi-mQH (r = 0.66, P < 0.001) and a high positive correlation with Blue-mQH (r = 0.78, P < 0.001). The model explanatory power (R2) between FPI and Blue-mQH was 60.8 %, which is 16.8 % higher than the explanatory power observed with Combi-mQH (44.0 %). Both Combi-mQH and Blue-mQH increased significantly with increasing FPI score (P < 0.001).
In this study we found that the FPI scoring system can be used to detect plaque and quantitatively distinguish plaque levels. In addition, FPI was determined to be useful in clinic because of its ability to detect and distinguish old and mature plaque.
Highlights • UV light is commonly used to activate TiO2 for the elimination of bacteria. • Long-term exposure to UV light can have negative effects on the body. • Visible light (405 nm) can also ...exert strong bactericidal effects. • S. mutans biofilms were eliminated within 40 minutes by visible light and TiO2. • Visible light is a safer clinical option for preventing oral disease.
To evaluate the efficacy of fluoride-containing toothpastes with different technologies to remineralize artificial caries lesions in enamel.
Bovine enamel blocks were divided into three thirds: ...intact (untreated), demineralized (artificial caries lesion), and treated (caries lesion, pH cycling with dentifrices). Enamel blocks were randomly distributed into five groups (n = 12): Fluoride-free toothpaste, Colgate Oral Care (NC); Arginine-containing toothpaste, Colgate Total Daily Repair (PC); Silicate-based fluoride toothpaste: REFIX technology, regenerador + sensitive (RDC), NR-5 technology, Regenerate Enamel Science (RES), and NOVAMIN technology, Sensodyne Repair and Protect (SRP). The specimens were submitted to a pH cycling model for 6 days. The efficacy of the toothpastes was estimated by calculating the surface microhardness recovery (%SMH
) and the fluorescence recovery (ΔF
) with quantitative light-induced fluorescence. The cross-sectional micromorphology of the enamel surface was also assessed using scanning electron microscopy. Elemental analyses (weight%) were determined with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The results were compared to that of the control (NC). Data were statistically analyzed (5%).
%SMH
could be ranked as follows: RDC = PC = RES = SRP > NC. Significantly higher %SMH
and ΔF
means were observed after enamel treatment with RDC (22.7 and 46.9, respectively). PC (%SMH
= 18.8) was as efficacious as RDC to recover the surface microhardness with a significantly lower mean of ΔF
(19.5). Only RDC was able to promote the formation of a mineralized layer on the surface of enamel enriched with silicon on the surface.
The silicate-based fluoride toothpaste containing REFIX technology demonstrated greater efficacy in the remineralizing artificial caries than the other products.
•Quantitative light-induced fluorescence was used to measure occlusal tooth wear.•As enamel thickness decreased, fluorescence parameters significantly increased.•Fluorescence parameters significantly ...differed among tooth wear index scores.•Fluorescence parameters correlated with both enamel thickness and tooth wear severity.
Various techniques have been suggested to quantitatively assess tooth wear; most have limited clinical application. The first aim of this in vitro study was to estimate the residual enamel thickness of teeth with various degrees of occlusal wear using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF). The second aim was to identify relationships between the fluorescence parameters of QLF and the conventional tooth wear index (TWI) system.
Sixty-nine extracted permanent premolars and molars with initial stages of tooth wear (TWI score 1a-2: enamel wear to dentin exposure) were used. Two blinded and trained examiners participated in evaluation procedures. Occlusal QLF-digital (QLF-D) images were acquired for selecting area of interest (AOI) and calculating fluorescence for occlusal tooth wear (ΔFwear) of the AOI by the first examiner. Each specimen was cross-sectioned in the buccal-lingual direction. Enamel thickness from images obtained by stereomicroscopy and TWI of each sample was determined by the second examiner. Spearman correlation was used to determine the relationship of ΔFwear with enamel thickness and TWI. ΔFwear values were compared between histological scores with the Mann-Whitney U test.
Seventy-six AOIs were analyzed. As enamel thickness decreased, ΔFwear values significantly increased and strongly correlated with enamel thickness (Spearman rho = -0.825, P < 0.001). There were significant differences in ΔFwear values among TWI scores (P < 0.001); ΔFwear strongly correlated with TWI (Spearman rho = 0.753, P < 0.001).
ΔFwear values, which denote fluorescence difference by using QLF, showed a strong correlation with residual enamel thickness and tooth wear severity.
•QLF technology can be a useful screening tool prior to radiographic examinations.•Both quantitative parameters detected from QLF images showed excellent performance for detecting proximal ...caries.•New QLF scoring system can be used to evaluate the severity of proximal caries non-destructively.
This study aimed to assess the screening performance of the quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology to detect proximal caries using both fluorescence loss and red fluorescence in a clinical situation. Moreover, a new simplified QLF score for the proximal caries (QS-Proximal) is proposed and its validity for detecting proximal caries was evaluated as well.
This clinical study included 280 proximal surfaces, which were assessed by visual-tactile and radiographic examinations and scored by each scoring system according to lesion severity. The occlusal QLF images were analysed in two different ways: (1) a quantitative analysis producing fluorescence loss (ΔF) and red fluorescence (ΔR) parameters; and (2) a new QLF scoring index. For both quantitative parameters and QS-Proximal, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were calculated as a function of the radiographic scoring index at the enamel and dentine caries levels.
Both ΔF and ΔR showed excellent AUROC values at the dentine caries level (ΔF=0.860, ΔR=0.902) whereas a relatively lower value was observed at the enamel caries level (ΔF=0.655, ΔR=0.686). The QS-Proximal also showed excellent AUROC ranged from 0.826 to 0.864 for detecting proximal caries at the dentine level.
The QS-Proximal, which represents fluorescence changes, showed excellent performance in detecting proximal caries using the radiographic score as the gold standard.
•Three different types of orthodontic adhesive were observed.•Fluorescence color values of the discs differed significantly among the three adhesive products.•The color difference between the ...adhesive and tooth was greater in fluorescence images than in white-light images.
This study evaluated the fluorescence of orthodontic adhesives using quantitative light-induced fluorescence–digital (QLF-D) images, and compared differences in the color characteristics of the fluorescence between adhesive and the adjacent tooth with that under white-light illumination in specimens containing residual adhesive of various thicknesses.
Disc-shaped adhesive samples and samples comprising adhesive attached to extracted human teeth were prepared using Transbond XT, Blugloo, and Enlight, and they were ground to thicknesses ranging from 800 to 20 μm. Fluorescence and white-light images of the two types of specimens were taken with a QLF-D system. The color parameters for the fluorescence from the discs and the color difference (ΔE) between residual adhesive and the adjacent tooth were quantified in images using the CIE L*a*b* system.
The fluorescence color values of the discs differed significantly among the three adhesive products (P < 0.05). The ΔE values in fluorescence (ΔEF) and white-light (ΔEW) images for all three adhesives were lower for thinner residual adhesive specimens. The thickness of the adhesive could be perceived over a range of 50–100 μm for fluorescence images and 400–800 μm for white-light images (ΔE > 3.3). ΔEF was significantly larger than ΔEW for all of the residual adhesives, Blugloo specimens thicker than 100 μm, and Transbond XT and Enlight specimens thicker than 50 μm (P < 0.05).
Detecting and analyzing fluorescence signals can improve the ability to detect residual adhesive on a tooth and also provide thickness information.
Various technologies used to objectively determine enamel thickness or dentin exposure have been suggested. However, most methods have clinical limitations. This study was conducted to confirm the ...potential of quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) using autofluorescence intensity of occlusal surfaces of worn teeth according to enamel grinding depth in vitro. Sixteen permanent premolars were used. Each tooth was gradationally ground down at the occlusal surface in the apical direction. QLF-digital and swept-source optical coherence tomography images were acquired at each grinding depth (in steps of 100 μm). All QLF images were converted to 8-bit grayscale images to calculate the fluorescence intensity. The maximum brightness (MB) values of the same sound regions in grayscale images before (MBbaseline) and phased values after (MBworn) the grinding process were calculated. Finally, 13 samples were evaluated. MBworn increased over the grinding depth range with a strong correlation (r=0.994, P<0.001). In conclusion, the fluorescence intensity of the teeth and grinding depth was strongly correlated in the QLF images. Therefore, QLF technology may be a useful noninvasive tool used to monitor the progression of tooth wear and to conveniently estimate enamel thickness.
Summary Background Lethal photosensitization has been previously demonstrated in Porphyromonas gingivalis , but oxygen is considered to be essential to this process. However, since P. gingivalis is a ...periodontal pathogen which grows in the low oxygen conditions found in the subgingival crevice, it was considered prudent to study its photosensitivity in anaerobic conditions. Methods A series of experiments were undertaken to attempt to induce lethal photosensitization in P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) under strict anaerobic conditions using two different 405 nm light sources. Samples of P. gingivalis were grown on a blood-containing, solid growth medium before being suspended in saline and then exposed to 405 nm light delivered by either a hand-held light source (Toothcare™) (11.4 mW/cm2 ) or a laser pointer (328.5 mW/cm2 ). With the exception of the adjustment of the P. gingivalis suspensions to a fixed optical density, the experiments were carried out in their entirety within an anaerobic chamber. Results The lowest Toothcare light dose tested (0.34 J/cm2 ; 30 s) yielded a statically significant kill of 63.4% which increased to 94.1% kill at higher light doses (3.42 J/cm2 ; 300 s). The laser pointer similarly achieved kills of 90.2% at the lower light dose tested (9.86 J/cm2 ; 30 s) and 94.5% kill at the highest light dose (98.55 J/cm2 ; 300 s). Conclusions Lethal photosensitization can be instigated in planktonic suspensions of P. gingivalis at 405 nm delivered by hand-held devices under anaerobic conditions. This suggests the possibility that lethal photosensitization occurred by the oxygen-independent type I pathway as oppose to the oxygen-dependent type II pathway.
A sensitive, quantitative method for investigating changes in enamel mineralization of specimens subjected to in vitro or in situ experimentation is presented. The fluorescence-detecting instrument ...integrates a Xenon arc light source and an object positioning stage, which makes it particularly suitable for the nondestructive assessment of demineralized or remineralized enamel. We demonstrate the ability of in vitro quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) to quantify changes in mineralization of bovine enamel discs that had been exposed in vitro to a demineralizing gel (n=36) or biofilm-mediated demineralization challenges (n=10), or were carried in situ by three volunteers during a 10-day experiment (n=12). Further experiments show the technique's value for monitoring the extent of remineralization in 36 specimens exposed in vitro to oral multispecies biofilms and document the repeatability of in vitro QLF measurements (n=10) under standardized assay conditions. The validity of the method is illustrated by comparison with transversal microradiography (TMR), the invasive current gold standard for assessing experimental changes in enamel mineralization. Ten discs with 22 measurement areas for comparison demonstrated a positive correlation between TMR and QLF (r=0.82). Filling a technological gap, this QLF system is a promising tool to assay in vitro nondestructively localized changes in mineralization of enamel specimens.
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