p21 protein (p21) inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases is a critical downstream effector in the p53-specific pathway of growth control. p21 can also be induced by p53-independent pathways in ...relation to terminal differentiation. We investigated p21 immunoreactivity in normal breast and in 91 breast carcinomas three in situ ductal carcinomas (DCIS) with microinfiltration and 88 infiltrating carcinomas, 17 of which with an associated DCIS; 57 node negative and 34 node positive with long-term follow-up (median=58 months). Seven additional breast carcinomas with known p53 gene mutations were investigated. In normal breast p21 expression was seen in the nuclei of rare luminal cells of acinar structures, and in occasional myoepithelial cells. Poorly differentiated DCIS showed high p21 expression, whereas well-differentiated DCIS tumours showed few p21-reactive cells. p21 was seen in 82 (90%) infiltrating tumours; staining was heterogeneous; the percentage of reactive nuclei ranged from 1% to 35%. High p21 expression (more than 10% of reactive cells) was seen in 24 (26%) cases, and was associated with high tumour grade (P=0.032); no associations were seen with tumour size, metastases, oestrogen receptor status, MIB1 expression and p53 expression. p21 expression in cases with p53 gene mutations was low in six cases and high in one. High p21 expression was associated with short relapse-free survival (P=0.003).
Between 1/1986 and 6/1996, 37 consecutive patients affected by node-positive gastric cancer (GC) were treated with radical surgery and received 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and mitomycin C (FEM) as ...adjuvant treatment. Only 57% of the patients received all six cycles and the reasons for treatment withdrawal were mainly related to concomitant pathologies and prolonged leukopenia. After a median follow-up of 39 months, the 3-year disease-free survival, disease-related survival and overall survival were 75.8%, 83.7% and 78.6% respectively. A statistically significant difference in survival was found in the subgroup of patients receiving more than three courses of treatment.
Il presente studio è finalizzato a valutare l’efficacia di un intervento riabilitativo di comunicazione alternativa aumentativa mediato dal computer per due bambini con paralisi cerebrale infantile e ...conseguenti disabilità multiple. Per entrambi i bambini è stata messa a punto un’interfaccia personalizzata in grado di facilitare la comunicazione di bisogni primari e ludici. I risultati mostrano un aumento significativo delle loro abilità comunicative durante la fase di intervento rispetto alla baseline. La successiva fase di mantenimento conferma il consolidamento dell’apprendimento dei due partecipanti. Gli studenti universitari, coinvolti in una procedura di validazione sociale per uno dei due partecipanti, forniscono valutazioni compatibili con l’ipotesi dell’efficacia riabilitativa dell’intervento. Questi risultati corroborano la validità clinica dell’intervento di comunicazione alternativa aumentativa mediato dal computer per bambini con disabilità multiple/profonde.
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