Der seit 1990 etablierte und von politischen Akteuren anerkannte und geschätzte Kooperationsraum der EUREGIO EGRENSIS dient dem Beitrag als Heuristik für eine Vielzahl räumlicher Prozesse. Einerseits ...zeigen sich die veränderten politisch-ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen grenzüberschreitender Kooperation zwischen Bayern und der Tschechischen Republik an der Kontaktlinie zweier peripherer Regionen jenseits der politischen und wirtschaftlichen Zentren. Andererseits liefert eine Betrachtung der EUREGIO EGRENSIS und insbesondere der Diskussion ihres räumlichen Perimeters und möglicher alternativer Raumkonfigurationen einen zentralen Beitrag im Kontext von zunehmender Makroregionalisierung und etropolitanisierung grenzüberschreitender Kooperationen. In diesem Beitrag geht es zum einen um die Analyse der Kooperationsformen im nördlichen bayerisch-tschechischen Grenzraum. Die EUREGIO EGRENSIS wird aufgrund des langjährig aufgebauten Vertrauens zu und zwischen den beteiligten Akteuren zumeist als wichtigste Institution grenzüberschreitender Kooperationen genannt. Hinsichtlich räumlicher, thematischer oder institutioneller Erweiterungen grenzüberschreitender Kooperationen ist jedoch bei den politischen Akteuren in Bayern und der Tschechischen Republik eine gewisse Zurückhaltung zu beobachten. Aufbauend auf der positiven Evaluierung des Kooperationsgebiets der EUREGIO EGRENSIS und den skizzierten Trends zu großräumigeren Verflechtungen wurde mit Akteuren im Grenzraum zum anderen die Idee eines Meso-Raums im mitteleuropäischen Kernbereich diskutiert, der in etwa den Bereich zwischen den Städten Nürnberg, Erfurt, Chemnitz und Pilsen umfasst. Trotz sozioökonomischer Gemeinsamkeiten und vielfältiger funktionaler Verflechtungen wurde dieser Idee mit Skepsis begegnet.
The EUREGIO EGRENSIS cooperation area was established in 1990 and is acknowledged and appreciated by political actors. It serves here as a heuristic for a multitude of spatial processes. On the one hand, it reflects the changing political-economic conditions of cross-border cooperation between Bavaria and the Czech Republic on a line of contact between two peripheral regions remote from political and economic centers. On the other hand, a spatial analysis of EUREGIO EGRENSIS and, in particular, discussion of its spatial perimeter and alternative spatial configurations give insights into debates surrounding the increasing macroregionalization and metropolitanization of cross-border cooperation. In this paper, the authors analyze modes of cooperation in the northern Bavaria and West Bohemia border region. The EUREGIO EGRENSIS is often referred to as the most important institution of cross-border cooperation for the border region due to the long-standing trust between the actors involved. However, there is a certain reluctance among political actors in Bavaria and the Czech Republic to discuss the spatial, thematic or institutional extension of crossborder cooperation. Based on the positive evaluation of the cooperation area of EUREGIO EGRENSIS and trends towards larger cooperation districts, the idea of a meso area in the central European zone was discussed with stakeholders in the border region - roughly the area between the cities of Nuremberg, Erfurt, Chemnitz and Plzeň. Despite socioeconomic similarities and manifold functional interdependencies, this idea was met with skepticism.
"Der Freistaat Bayern hat 2010 ein neues Tourismuspolitisches Konzept beschlossen, um veränderten Rahmenbedingungen Rechnung zu tragen. Ausgangspunkt des Konzepts ist die Aussage, dass Tourismus in ...Bayern eine Leitökonomie darstellt. Der vorliegende Beitrag setzt sich insbesondere mit dieser Kernaussage sowie dem Aspekt der Professionalisierung im Tourismus anhand von Untersuchungen in drei regionalen Fallbeispielen (Allgäu, Bayerischer Wald, Fichtelgebirge) kritisch auseinander und hinterfragt die empirische Relevanz dieser Kernaussagen. Im Sinne einer Politikberatung werden abschließend Empfehlungen ausgesprochen, damit das Tourismuspolitische Konzept seinem Koordinierungsauftrag besser gerecht werden kann." (Autorenreferat)
"In 2010, the Government of Bavaria has decided upon a new Tourism Policy Concept in order to meet the needs of changing general conditions. Base of the concept is the assumption that tourism is a leading economy in Bavaria. This article deals in particular with this quintessence as well as with the aspect of professionalisation in tourism and the empiric relevance of those assumptions by three regional case studies (Allgäu, Bayerischer Wald, Fichtelgebirge). Finally, recommendations are made in terms of guidance, so that the Tourism Policy Concept may achieve its coordination task in a better way." (author's abstract)
Angesichts der Herausforderungen des demographischen Wandels, der noch vor kurzem
angespannten Finanzlage der öffentlichen Hand und des zunehmenden Globalisierungsdrucks
stellt die interkommunale ...Zusammenarbeit eines der wichtigsten Handlungsfelder
im Hinblick auf die Zukunft ländlicher Räume dar. Die Aufrechterhaltung der öffentlichen
Daseinsvorsorge, die Gewährleistung gewisser Mindeststandards oder die
Notwendigkeit der regionalen Positionierung im internationalen Wettbewerb verdeutlichen
dies. Immer wieder zeigt es sich dabei, dass bestehende staatliche bzw. administrative
Einrichtungen nicht zwangsläufig die geeigneten Stellen sind, um diese Kooperationen
zu initiieren und zu betreuen. Gerade regionale Zusammenschlüsse und Netzwerke
jenseits der administrativen Zuschnitte (Landkreise, Regierungsbezirke usw.) erschweren
eine Eingliederung in bestehende Organisationsstrukturen. Daher entwickeln sich in
den letzten Jahren vermehrt neue flexible Governance-Strukturen, die auch Ausdruck
eines neuen regionalen Verständnisses und Wirkungskreises sind.
In the light of the challenges posed by demographic change, by the continuing strains
on the public purse, and by the increasing pressure from globalisation, intermunicipal
co-operation represents one of the key fields of action for the future of rural areas. This
is illustrated particularly clearly by the need to maintain the provision of key public
services, to guarantee specific minimum standards, as well as by the need for regions to
position themselves to be able to compete internationally. However, as has been shown
repeatedly, the state and/or administrative bodies currently in place are not necessarily
the most suitable institutions to initiate and oversee this kind of co-operation. It is precisely
regional alliances and networks at a level above that of traditional administrative
units (counties, districts, etc.) that prove to be so difficult to integrate within existing
organisational structures. It is for this reason that recent years have increasingly seen
the emergence of new and flexible forms of governance; these are also an expression of
a new, regional identity and sphere of action.
Die Einbeziehung der Fallbeispiele aus Österreich geschah in erster Linie im Sinne unterschiedlicher Faktorkräfte zu den deutschen Beispielen, sowohl was die externen Rahmenbedingungen staatlicher ...Entwicklung und internationaler Verflechtung als auch wirtschafts- und regionalpolitische Konzepte sowie Instrumente anging. Die Bewältigung des wirtschaftlichen Strukturwandels, die Steigerung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Unternehmen und Region sowie die Anpassung an die wachsenden Standortanforderungen waren die Ziele der regionalen und kommunalen Wirtschaftspolitik in Verbindung mit den Wirtschafts- und Sozialpartnern in Oberösterreich und im Agglomerationsraum Linz. Möglich wurde die rasche Umsetzung durch finanzielle Beiträge (u.a. des Zukunftsfonds) von öffentlicher Hand und privater Wirtschaft, vor allem aber durch dynamisch und unternehmerisch agierende Einrichtungen, wie etwa die TMG, aber auch der Hochschulen, bis hin zu den jüngsten Aktionen auf internationaler Ebene. Basis sind dabei ohne Zweifel die funktionierenden Netzwerke von Personen, Unternehmen und Institutionen, das vorhandene Vertrauen zwischen den Partnern ("Handschlagqualität") und eine wachsende Gruppe "kluger Köpfe", deren Ideen man sie auch realisieren lässt. Grundlegend war außerdem das Konzept, dass man für jede Maßnahme einen "Kümmerer" eingesetzt hat und es genügend Plattformen gibt, wo sich die Ergebnisse präsentieren lassen (Tagungen, Messen, Austria Business Agency).
The inclusion of case studies from Austria was primarily motivated by the differences in relevant factors from the German examples, both in terms of the external framework conditions of national development, international interconnections, and economic and regional policy concepts and in terms of the instruments applied. The aims of regional and municipal economic policy, together with economic and social partners in Upper Austria and the agglomeration of Linz, were to deal with economic structural change, to enhance the competitive ability of businesses and the region, and to adapt to the growing demands made on locations. The rapid implementation was made possible by financial contributions (for instance from the Future Fund) from the public authorities and private business, but particularly by the dynamic and enterprising activities of institutions such as the TMG and colleges, which even include recent international campaigns. The basis for this is undoubtedly provided by the active networks of people, businesses and institutions, the existent trust between the partners (“based on a handshake”), a growing group of bright minds whose ideas are also implemented, the concept that each measure implemented has a dedicated “trouble shooter” and that there are enough platforms on which results can be presented (congresses, exhibitions, Austria Business Agency).
There are three essential challenges that cities and villages in the Federal Republic of Germany are faced with: the weak economic basis, which has been declining in the last few years; the ...large-space nature of political systems, which has been accelerated by the European Union and eastern and western Europe coming together; and new urban and regional policy systems, whose development is being shaped on the European level. The value of consolidated areas is being enhanced by their increased importance and increasing competition from (European) metropolises as this is expressed by the national urban and regional policy. This forces the rural regions to be especially insistent upon their interests by forming regional initiatives. This supports the co-operation between cities and villages within one region and their institutions with regard to politics, economics and finances. The region under investigation has its two medium centres Neustadt near Coburg and Sonneberg. They initiated a regional development strategy to work towards a reversal from short-term measures towards medium- and long-term strategies for regional policy. This instrument was intended not only to utilise the stimulation produced by reunification and link it to ideas for regional development. It was also important to take an independent path in comparison to the possibilities for action that consolidated areas have. A number of strategies and measures can contribute to a strengthening of regional development from a wide variety of partial areas. For instance, agriculture could be supported by promoting direct marketing, intensifying sales to local restaurants in the sense of regional economic flow or by being orientated towards quality ecological products. With regard to the labour market and the economy, improving paths of information and communication or promoting training and further education could play an important role just as much as a co-ordinated policy on commercial areas such as is being stepped up by Neustadt and Sonneberg. The future development of the region under investigation will decisively depend upon how much it is capable of motivating the regional protagonists to act jointly and constructively. The current buzzwords here are the much-discussed terms if "intermunicipal cooperation" and "public-private partnerships". There will be significant opportunities for improving the region's competitiveness only if the cities and villages cease to think in terms of competing with one another and when the enterprises, associations and interest groups are made aware of their responsibility for the region. For this purpose, it is important to tackle the existing problems with regard to cooperation among cities. Furthermore, the projected staff office for regional management has to receive the appropriate amount of launching aid from the Free States and municipalities.
Today's most precise time and frequency measurements are performed with optical atomic clocks. However, it has been proposed that they could potentially be outperformed by a nuclear clock, which ...employs a nuclear transition instead of the atomic shell transitions used so far. By today there is only one nuclear state known which could serve for a nuclear clock using currently available technology, which is the isomeric first excited state in \(^{229}\)Th. Here we report the direct detection of this nuclear state, which is a further confirmation of the isomer's existence and lays the foundation for precise studies of the isomer's decay parameters. Based on this direct detection the isomeric energy is constrained to lie between 6.3 and 18.3 eV, and the half-life is found to be longer than 60 s for \(^{229\mathrm{m}}\)Th\(^{2+}\). More precise determinations appear in reach and will pave the way for the development of a nuclear frequency standard.
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