There is a growing body of evidence showing the importance of physical activity against civilization-induced metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity. Eccentric contraction, ...when skeletal muscles generate force by lengthening, is a unique type of skeletal muscle activity. Eccentric contraction may lead to better power production characteristics of the muscle because eccentric contraction requires less energy and can result in higher tension. Therefore, it is an ideal tool in the rehabilitation program of patients. However, the complex metabolic effect (i.e., fat mass reduction, increased lipid oxidation, improvement in blood lipid profile, and increased insulin sensitivity) of the eccentric contraction alone has scarcely been investigated. This paper aims to review the current literature to provide information on whether eccentric contraction can influence metabolic health and body composition in T2DM or obesity. We also discussed the potential role of myokines in mediating the effects of eccentric exercise. A better understanding of the mechanism of eccentric training and particularly their participation in the regulation of metabolic diseases may widen their possible therapeutic use and, thereby, may support the fight against the leading global risks for mortality in the world.
The majority of potentially preventable mortality in trauma patients is related to bleeding; therefore, early recognition and effective treatment of hemorrhagic shock impose a cardinal challenge for ...trauma teams worldwide. The reduction in mesenteric perfusion (MP) is among the first compensatory responses to blood loss; however, there is no adequate tool for splanchnic hemodynamic monitoring in emergency patient care. In this narrative review, (i) methods based on flowmetry, CT imaging, video microscopy (VM), measurement of laboratory markers, spectroscopy, and tissue capnometry were critically analyzed with respect to their accessibility, and applicability, sensitivity, and specificity. (ii) Then, we demonstrated that derangement of MP is a promising diagnostic indicator of blood loss. (iii) Finally, we discussed a new diagnostic method for the evaluation of hemorrhage based on exhaled methane (CH
) measurement. Conclusions: Monitoring the MP is a feasible option for the evaluation of blood loss. There are a wide range of experimentally used methodologies; however, due to their practical limitations, only a fraction of them could be integrated into routine emergency trauma care. According to our comprehensive review, breath analysis, including exhaled CH
measurement, would provide the possibility for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of blood loss.
In Herodotus in Nubia László Török offers a revision of the current Egyptological and source critical assessment of Herodotus' passages on Nubia, i.e. the Aithiopia of Greek tradition, and discusses ...their function in the actual narrative contexts into which they are inserted.
Purpose: The aim was to examine the predictive value of the hypovolemic shock classification currently accepted by the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) program over the previous one, which used ...only vital signs (VS) for patient allocation. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality; as secondary outcome, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and base deficit (BD) data were compared and investigated in terms of mortality prediction. Methods: Retrospective analysis at a level I trauma center between 2014 and 2019. Adult patients treated by trauma teams were allocated into severity classes (I–IV) based on the criteria of the current and previous ATLS classifications, respectively. The prognostic values for the classifications were determined with Fisher’s exact test and χ 2 test for independence, and compared with the 2-proportion Z test. The individual variables were analyzed with receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Results: A total of 156 patients met the inclusion criteria. Mortality was effectively predicted by both classifications, and there was no statistically significant difference between the predictive performances. According to ROC analyses, GCS, BD and SBP had significant prognostic values while HR change was ineffective in this regard. Conclusions: The currently used ATLS shock classification does not appear to be superior to the VS-based previous classification. GCS, BD and SBP are useful parameters to predict the prognosis. Changes in HR do not reflect the clinical course accurately; thus, further studies will be needed to determine the value of this parameter in trauma-associated hypovolemic-hemorrhagic shock conditions.
The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of alcohol intoxication and withdrawal on hypothalamic neurohormones such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and arginine vasopressin ...(AVP), and extrahypothalamic neurotransmitters such as striatal dopamine (DA), amygdalar gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and hippocampal glutamate (GLU). In addition, the participation of the two CRF receptors, CRF1 and CRF2, was investigated. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were exposed to repeated intraperitoneal (ip) administration of alcohol every 12 h, for 4 days and then for 1 day of alcohol abstinence. On the fifth or sixth day, intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of selective CRF1 antagonist antalarmin or selective CRF2 antagonist astressin
B was performed. After 30 min, the expression and concentration of hypothalamic CRF and AVP, the concentration of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT), and the release of striatal DA, amygdalar GABA, and hippocampal GLU were measured. Our results indicate that the neuroendocrine changes induced by alcohol intoxication and withdrawal are mediated by CRF1, not CRF2, except for the changes in hypothalamic AVP, which are not mediated by CRF receptors.
Objectives/Hypothesis
From an acoustic aspect, fixation of the medial end of an ossicular replacement prosthesis to the stapedial footplate would be desirable. Technically, ionomer cement seems an ...ideal material for this purpose. The objective was to determine the aluminum level of the perilymph after the application of ionomer cement on the stapedial footplate.
Study Design
An experimental study on rabbits.
Methods
A total of 25 Pannon White rabbits were divided into three groups. Five rabbits (group I) underwent sham operation; in 15 animals (group II) ionomer cement was applied onto the stapedial footplate; and in 5 cases (group III) the application of the cement onto the footplate was followed by opening of the vestibulum. In groups of 5, the animals were killed on day 1, 7, 30, 180, or 365 postoperatively. Fluid samples were taken from the vestibulum and their aluminum levels were determined.
Results
The average aluminum level in the fluid was insignificantly lower in group II than in group I, but significantly lower in groups I and II than in group III.
Conclusion
As a glue, ionomer cement safely can be applied directly onto the footplate without the threat of raising the perilymphatic aluminum level, provided that there is no perilymph leakage. However, in the event of an open vestibulum, the application of cement onto the footplate is to be strongly discouraged due to the danger of a consequent increase in the aluminum level in the perilymph and the cerebrospinal fluid.
Level of Evidence
NA. Laryngoscope, 124:541–544, 2014
The aim of the present study was to determine the benefit of orcein elastic staining of primary cutaneous melanoma specimens in detecting venous invasion. Primary cutaneous melanomas in vertical ...growth phase were assessed for vascular invasion. All tumour blocks were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and orcein. The cases were reviewed by two pathologists. Vascular invasion was not identified more frequently on orcein stained slides than on H&E stained ones. Elastosis and periappendiceal elastic fibres interfered with vascular invasion detection with elastic staining. Based on our study, we conclude that elastic stains such as orcein do not improve the detection rate of venous invasion in primary cutaneous melanomas.
Left atrial (LA) remodeling may be regarded as a physiologic adaptation to exercise conditioning. Three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) is a new promising tool for volumetric ...and functional characterization of the LA. The present study was undertaken to assess adaptive changes in LA volumes and functional properties respecting cardiac cycle in young competitive athletes without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by detailed 3DSTE assessment.
The study group consisted of 20 young elite basketball and handball players (mean age: 28.1±10.1 years, 8 men) without LVH, their results were compared to 23 age- and gender-matched non-sportive healthy controls (mean age: 31.7±8.5 years, 11 men. All subjects had undergone standard transthoracic two-dimensional Doppler echocardiographic study with 3DSTE.
Increased systolic maximum (66.5±13.6 mL vs. 38.5±8.6 mL, P<0.0001) and diastolic minimum (36.7±8.1 mL vs. 17.5±5.8 mL, P<0.0001) and preatrial contraction (46.2±10.1 mL vs. 26.2±7.8 mL, P<0.0001) LA volumes could be demonstrated in athletes. Total (29.7±9.0 mL vs. 20.7±5.0 mL, P=0.0002) and passive LA stroke volumes (19.8±8.7 mL vs. 12.4±4.6 mL, P=0.0009) were increased, while total (44.2±9.1 mL vs. 54.2±9.4 mL, P=0.001) and active LA emptying fractions (20.6±11.8% vs. 31.9±8.7%, P=0.0008) proved to be decreased in athletes as compared to controls. Active LA stroke volume (9.9±5.8 mL vs. 8.3±3.3 mL, P=0.29) and passive LA emptying fraction (29.1±10.6 mL vs. 32.6±11.2 mL, P=0.31) did not differ between the groups. Only circumferential global (21.1±7.7% vs. 27.6±9.9%, P=0.02) and mean segmental (26.1±7.1% vs. 35.7±12.0%, P=0.003) peak LA strains proved to be significantly reduced in athletes as compared to controls.
3DSTE-derived increased cyclic LA volumes and specific alterations in LA functional properties could be demonstrated in young competing athletes which is most likely a physiologic consequence of a global cardiac adaptation to intensive and chronic training.
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