The Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) 3903 view the introduction of the new Ontario government’s ‘back to work’ legislation (Bill 2) as detrimental and a threat to their fundamental ...bargaining rights. Why is the government legislating the CUPE members back to work instead of allowing them to further negotiate with the administration of York University? If resolving issues through the collective bargaining process is not allowed, then what will happen to the relationship between the union and the university authorities?
Dilemma
Why did the government bring in the bill with ‘back to work’ clause? The concerned parties could have settled the issue through negotiation.
Theory: Labour relations, integrative vs. distributive negotiation and third-party interventions
Type of the case: Decisional and applied
Protagonist: Not needed
Options
Negotiation, appointing mediator, adopting competitive distributive strategy or collaborative integrative strategy
Discussions and Case Questions
Suggest a more effective way to resolve the crisis. What are the main contentions of CUPE 3903 and the York University Administration in this negotiation? Discuss the strategies and tactics as used by CUPE 3903 and the York University Administration. Could these be optimized further? Evaluate the gap between the current strategy and the optimal one Is there any way in which a third-party mediator could craft a mutually beneficial agreement?
This article explores the role of interunion conflict in the rise and evolution of faculty unionism in Canada. We argue that competition and tension between the Canadian Association of University ...Teachers (CAUT) and the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) in the early 1970s played a key role in driving professors' support for the certification of independent faculty associations. Moreover, we contend that a parochial, sectionalist, and craft-like brand of faculty unionism remained dominant in Canada until the 2000s, when external forces and the rise of the neoliberal university convinced CAUT's leadership to broaden the tent in terms of membership and embrace an enlarged notion of solidarity in an effort to better defend terms and conditions of work for university teachers.
Indoor space requires heating, cooling and ventilating for maintaining human occupant space to a comfortable level. Heat pump system is now widely used since it has the capabilities of providing both ...cooling and heating with a single unit. Ventilation, which exhausts the contaminated indoor air and brings in the fresh outdoor air is essential for maintaining pleasant indoor air quality. Ventilation, however, causes energy loss since air-conditioning is necessary to change the state of outdoor air to that of indoor. When outdoor air is introduced into the interior space, it must be cooled or heated to bring it to the indoor space condition. In this work, three methods of recovering sensible heat during heating and ventilation process of heat pump have been studied experimentally. Those methods are by a separate sensible heat exchanger, introduction of indoor air to the evaporator (single heat recovery), and finally a combination of fore-mentioned two methods (double heat recovery). An air-source heat pump system with none, single and double heat recovery capabilities has been built and tested in two constant-temperature and constant-humidity thermal chambers that simulate the indoor and outdoor environments. From the experiment performed under standard heating condition with a ventilation ratio of 23.1%, coefficient of performance for none, sensible heat exchanger, single and double heat recoveries were 2.88, 3.20, 3.18 and 3.28, respectively. Double heat recovery heat pump that has the ventilation and double heat recovery functions integrated into a single unit showed the best COP performance.
Seventy percent of the Earth's surface is covered by water. However, many regions of the world suffer from a lack of potable water. River water is rarely accessible in adequate quantities and often ...not of a quality that corresponds to accepted hygiene standards. Along coastlines, wells contain brackish water of little or no use to households. To counter this lack of water, various technical processes have, therefore, been developed over the last decades to desalinate seawater and brackish water. These techniques, however, require large investments which are frequently beyond the means of most developing countries. The supply of potable water to settlements with modest water needs such as lashing villages along the North Africa's coast can be ensured through the use of solar stills with which sea water can be desalinated and water of insufficient quality can be made potable. By recuperating and reusing the same quantity of thermal energy in several stages, it has been possible to reduce the total energy needed to the extent that solar energy can now be seen as an acceptable energy source for water desalination (COP: 3.0–4.0).
Cu cele opt cupe cu picior şi toarte (kantharoi) şi şapte cupe hemisferice (mastoi), la care se adaugă două brăţări, o fibulă şi două monede, tezaurul de la Sâncrăieni reuneşte cel mai mare set de ...veselă din argint din Dacia perioadei târzii a Latène-ului. De altfel, prin greutatea lui excepţională (3.650 g), tezaurul devansează toate celelalte descoperiri dacice cu piese de argint. Diferenţele tehnologice şi stilistice dintre elementele consitutive ale cupelor de tip kantharos permit identificarea mai multor meşteri : (1) meşterul calotelor gravate (calotele cupelor nr. 4– 8) ; (2) meşterul cupei de import (nr. 1) ; (3) meşterul cupelor nr. 2– 3 şi al picioarelor de tip 3 (fig. 12 şi 13/ 2– 3) şi (4) meşterul picioarelor de tip 2 (fig. 12). Dacă meşterii 1, 3, şi 4 sunt locali, meşterul nr. 2 este greco-roman. De asemenea, se poate presupune o diferenţă cronologică de aproximativ o generaţie între meşterul nr. 1 şi meşterii 3 şi 4. În orice caz, colaborarea mai puţin armonizată a mai multor meşteri cu maniere diferite de ornamentare a determinat lipsa de unitate stilistică a elementelor constitutive ale cupelor de tip kantharos
produse în mediul „ barbar” (cupele nr. 2– 8). Această lipsă de unitate stilistică, precum şi demontarea cupelor de la Sâncrăieni înaintea îngropării lor, a dat naştere unor dileme insurmontabile pentru restaurarea modernă. Din acest motiv, ar fi fost preferabilă evitarea intervenţiilor cu caracter ireversibil şi păstrarea elementelor constitutive ale cupelor de tip kantharos
de la Sâncrăieni în starea în care au fost ele descoperite.
The treasure of Sâncrăieni (Harghita County, România) includes eight cups with stems and holders (of the kantharos type), seven hemispherical cups (the mastós type), two bracelets, a fibula and two coins. This is the largest set of silver tableware from the Late La Tène Dacia (1st century BC). Its exceptional weight (3650 g) makes it heavier than any other Dacian silver hoard. The way the kantharos cups in Sâncrăieni (Fig. 1– 8) were manufactured and the way they were restored is extremely important for understanding the meanings of this treasure. The technological and stylistic differences in the elements of the kantharos cups from Sâncrăieni allow us to identify several distinct artisans : (1) the artisan of the engraved bowls (the bowls of cups no. 4– 8) ; (2) the artisan of the imported cup no. 1 ; (3) the artisan of cups no. 2 and 3, probably of the 3rd type of stems as well (Fig. 12 and 13/ 2– 3) and (4) the artisan of the 2nd type of stems (Fig. 12). Artisans 1, 3 and 4 are local, while the 2nd one is Greek-Roman. One can also assume that there is a chronological gap between the work of craftsman no. 1, on the one hand, and those of the 3rd and 4th, on the other hand, perhaps a matter of one generation. However, the less than harmonious collaboration of a number of craftsmen with different manners of ornamentation, led to a lack of unity in the style of the elements constituting the kantharos cups produced in a „ Barbarian” milieu (cups no. 2– 8). The lack of stylistic unity, as well as the disassembly of the Sâncrăieni cups prior to their burial brought forth insurmountable dilemmas to modern restoration. It is therefore preferable to avoid interventions of an irreversible nature in an attempt to preserve the separate elements of the kantharos cups in the state in which they had been discovered.
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