U radu se analizira promjena identiteta dječjega lika predstavljena u poljskim suvremenim dječjim romanima o holokaustu. Koristeći se kategorijom igre kakvu su opisali, primjerice, Erving Goffman, ...George Eisen i Jerzy Cieślikowski, rad pokazuje da promjena židovskoga u nežidovski identitet (i obrnuto) funkcionira kao neka vrsta igre s vlastitim pravilima, praksama, ulozima itd. Dječji židovski identitet opisan je kao nešto određeno vlastitim okruženjem (u prvom redu nacističkim autoritetom), a potom kao nešto fluidno, a ne strogo definirano (protagonisti uglavnom potječu iz integriranih poljsko-židovskih okruženja). Igranje u smislu iskoraka od normalnoga života doima se kao jedini način na koji je moguće preživjeti užase rata i šoe. Fluidnost identiteta predstavljena je kao mehanizam s pomoću kojega se protagoniste predstavlja kao univerzalne likove suočene sa strahovitim događanjima, što ove romane čini privlačnima i suvremenim čitateljima.
Radom se označava početak projekta dokumentiranja stanja židovske imovine u Zagrebu od 1945. do 1948. godine, bilo da se radi o imovini zagrebačkih židovskih općina i njezinih organizacija, drugih ...židovskih organizacija i društava, imovini pravnih i fizičkih osoba. Cilj je mapirati topografiju materijalne, a potom i nematerijalne kulture židovske baštine Zagreba, koja je u dva navrata devastirana, tijekom postojanja Nezavisne Države Hrvatske (1941-1945), a zatim u procesu promjene strukture vlasništva u poslijeratnoj Jugoslaviji (1945-1948).
Hourly concentrations of 89 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) together with other atmospheric trace gases like ozone (O3), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) ...were measured continuously in a suburban area of Nanjing, China. The investigations were conducted during the summer, 2018 to better characterize airborne VOC and their influence on O3 and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation. The average hourly total VOCs (TVOCs) concentration was 35 ± 21 ppbv which was mainly contributed by different alkanes (41%) followed by halohydrocarbons and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (31%), aromatics (16%), alkenes (9%), and alkyne (3%). The TVOCs concentration was in a similar range with the ones observed in other urban and suburban areas in China. Traffic had an important influence on the air quality in the study area as the diurnal variation of the trace gases depicted a bimodal distribution that coincides with the rush-hours. The O3 concentrations exceeded both the national and international air quality standards. The VOC:NOx was much higher than 8:1, indicating ambient air was NOx limited to atmospheric O3 formation, therefore, reduction of NOx concentration could reduce O3 formation rates more effectively. The average hourly ozone formation potential (OFP) of the VOCs was 218 μg m−3 and the major contributors to it were aromatics (43%) and alkenes (23%). The average hourly secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) of the VOCs was 0.9 μg m−3. Similar to the OFP, aromatic VOCs were the major contributors to the total SOAFP. To improve the air quality in the study area traffic emissions as well as the aromatic and alkene VOCs emissions reduction are necessary.
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•Traffic had the major influence on the VOCs and other trace gases concentrations in Nanjing.•Aromatic and alkene VOCs contributed the most to the O3 and SOA formation.•The study area was nitrogen oxides sensitive to ozone formation.
The safe-operating-area (SOA) of large array device (LAD) is one of the most important factors affecting the device reliability. In this paper, the improvement of the electrical-SOA (E-SOA) and the ...thermal-SOA (T-SOA) by using an optional implantation layer for 5-V n-channel large array MOSFET has been investigated in a 0.15-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula> bipolar-CMOS-DMOS process. Experimental results showed that the secondary breakdown current (It2) is improved by 5 times, and a significant improvement is also observed in the E-SOA and the T-SOA boundary as compared to the original device. In addition, the impact of inserting additional layout pick-ups into themultiple-finger layout of large array MOSFET to the E-SOA, It2, and trigger voltage is also practically investigated in silicon for the LAD with a total width of 12 000<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">~\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula>.
A large data set including surface, aircraft, and laboratory observations of the atomic oxygen‐to‐carbon (O:C) and hydrogen‐to‐carbon (H:C) ratios of organic aerosol (OA) is synthesized and corrected ...using a recently reported method. The whole data set indicates a wide range of OA oxidation and a trajectory in the Van Krevelen diagram, characterized by a slope of −0.6, with variation across campaigns. We show that laboratory OA including both source and aged types explains some of the key differences in OA observed across different environments. However, the laboratory data typically fall below the mean line defined by ambient observations, and little laboratory data extend to the highest O:C ratios commonly observed in remote conditions. OA having both high O:C and high H:C are required to bridge the gaps. Aqueous‐phase oxidation may produce such OA, but experiments under realistic ambient conditions are needed to constrain the relative importance of this pathway.
Key Points
Lab and field OA elemental composition follow a line in Van Krevelen space
Mixing and aging largely explain ambient data but gaps exist
Processing that produce OA with both high O:C and high H:C are needed
When a sinusoidal grating (test) is abruptly displaced by a phase angle of 180deg synchronously with the 90deg shift of gratings (inducer) above and below it, the test appears to move in the same ...direction as the inducer (motion assimilation). To investigate temporal characteristics of the motion assimilation, stimulus-onsetasynchrony (SOA) is introduced between the displacements of the test and the inducer and the magnitude of motion assimilation was measured as a function of SOA. The effect of SOA on the magnitude of motion assimilation changed significantly as a result of changes in the spatial frequency of the test grating.
A campaign was carried out to measure the emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in different areas of a petroleum refinery in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in China. In ...the refining area, 2-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, methylcyclopentane, 3-methylhexane, and butane accounted for >50% of the total VOCs; in the chemical industry area, 2-methylpentane, p-diethylbenzene, 2,3-dimethylbutane, m-diethylbenzene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were the top five VOCs detected; and in the wastewater treatment area, the five most abundant species were 2-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, methylcyclopentane, 3-methylpentane and p-diethylbenzene. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential was estimated using the fractional aerosol coefficients (FAC), secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP), and SOA yield methods. The FAC method suggests that toluene, p-diethylbenzene, and p-diethylbenzene are the largest contributors to the SOA formation in the refining, chemical industry, and wastewater treatment areas, respectively. With the SOAP method, it is estimated that toluene is the largest contributor to the SOA formation in the refining area, but o-ethyltoluene contributes the most both in the chemical industry and wastewater treatment areas. For the SOA yield method, aromatics dominate the yields and account for nearly 100% of the total in the three areas. The SOA concentrations estimated of the refining, chemical industry and wastewater treatment areas are 30, 3835 and 137μgm−3, respectively. Despite the uncertainties and limitations associated with the three methods, the SOA yield method is suggested to be used for the estimation of SOA formation from the petroleum refinery. The results of this study have demonstrated that the control of VOCs, especially aromatics such as toluene, ethyltoluene, benzene and diethylbenzene, should be a focus of future regulatory measures in order to reduce PM pollution in the PRD region.
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•The composite profiles of VOCs emitted from a petroleum refinery were obtained.•The VOC contributions to SOA formation related to petroleum refineries were estimated by three different methods.•The results demonstrated that the petroleum refinery is a potential important SOA source.•Toluene, benzene and o/m-ethyltoluene are of particular concern for SOA reduction in relation to petroleum refineries.
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) play an important role in global environmental chemistry and climate. In the present work, biogenic emissions from China in 2017 were estimated based on the ...Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN). The effects of BVOC emissions on ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation were investigated using the WRF-CMAQ modeling system. Three parallel scenarios were developed to assess the impact of BVOC emissions on China's ozone and SOA formation in July 2017. Biogenic emissions were estimated at 23.54 Tg/yr, with a peak in the summer and decreasing from southern to northern China. The high BVOC emissions across eastern and southwestern China increased the surface ozone levels, particularly in the BTH (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei), SCB (Sichuan Basin), YRD (Yangtze River Delta) and central PRD (Pearl River Delta) regions, with increases of up to 47 μg m−3 due to the sensitivity of VOC-limited urban areas. In summer, most SOA concentrations formed over China are from biogenic sources (national average of 70%). And SOA concentrations in YRD and SCB regions are generally higher than other regions. Excluding anthropogenic emissions while keeping biogenic emissions unchanged results that SOA concentrations reduce by 60% over China, which indicates that anthropogenic emissions can interact with biogenic emissions then facilitate biogenic SOA formation. It is suggested that controlling anthropogenic emissions would result in reduction of both anthropogenic and biogenic SOA.
•BVOC emissions in China were estimated at high spatial resolution by MEGAN in 2017.•The impact of BVOC emissions on O3 and SOA in China was analyzed by WRF-CMAQ model.•BVOC emissions were 23.54 Tg with a peak in summer and decreasing going north.•BVOC emissions significantly increased surface O3 and SOA concentrations in China.•Controlling anthropogenic emissions would reduce both ASOA and BSOA.
Chassis dynamometer experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of vehicle speed and usage of ethanol-blended gasoline (E10) on formation and evolution of gasoline vehicular secondary ...organic aerosol (SOA) using a Gothenburg Potential Aerosol Mass (Go: PAM) reactor. The SOA forms rapidly, and its concentration exceeds that of primary organic aerosol (POA) at an equivalent photochemical age (EPA) of ~1 day. The particle effective densities grow from 0.62 ± 0.02 g cm−3 to 1.43 ± 0.07 g cm−3 with increased hydroxyl radical (OH) exposure. The maximum SOA production under idling conditions (4259–7394 mg kg-fuel−1) is ~20 times greater than under cruising conditions. There was no statistical difference between SOA formation from pure gasoline and its formation from E10. The slopes in Van Krevelen diagram indicate that the formation pathways of bulk SOA includes the addition of both alcohol/peroxide functional groups and carboxylic acid formation from fragmentation. A closure estimation of SOA based on bottom-up and top-down methods shows that only 16%–38% of the measured SOA can be explained by the oxidation of measured volatile organic compounds (VOCs), suggesting the existence of missing precursors, e.g. unmeasured VOCs and probably semivolatile or intermediate volatile organic compounds (S/IVOCs). Our results suggest that applying parameters obtained from unified driving cycles to model SOA concentrations may lead to large discrepancies between modeled and ambient vehicular SOA. No reduction in vehicular `SOA production is realized by replacing normal gasoline with E10.
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•The effects of vehicle speed and E10 on SOA formation were investigated.•SOA production at idling conditions was higher than that at cruising conditions.•No statistical difference was found for SOA formation between gasoline andE10.•Particle effective densities grow with increased OH exposure.•Only 16%–38% of the measured SOA was explained by measured VOCs.
This study investigates the effects of anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NOx) mitigation reduction on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from monoterpene and sesquiterpene precursors across ...Europe, using the three-dimensional (3-D) Chemical Transport Model (CTM) CHIMERE.
Two SOA mechanisms of varying complexity are employed: the GENOA-generated Biogenic Mechanism (GBM) and the Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Organic mechanism (H2O). GBM is a condensed SOA mechanism generated by automatic reduction from near-explicit chemical mechanisms (i.e., the Master Chemical Mechanism - MCM and the peroxy radical autoxidation mechanism - PRAM) using the GENerator of Reduced Organic Aerosol Mechanisms version 2.0 (GENOA v2.0). Conversely, the H2O mechanism is developed primarily based on experimental data, with simplified chemical pathways and SOA formation yields reflecting those from chamber experiments.
In the 3-D simulations conducted for the summer of 2018 over Europe, the implementation of GBM significantly improved the model's performance in comparison to simulations using the H2O mechanism, yielding results more consistent with measured aerosol concentrations extracted from the EBAS database.
In response to NOx emission mitigation, simulated SOA concentrations increase with GBM but decrease when using the H2O mechanism, unless a highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) formation scheme is incorporated. The SOA composition becomes more oxidized and concentrations elevate after NOx reduction, particularly in simulations using GBM. These higher concentrations are likely due to enhanced reaction rates of organic peroxy radicals (RO2) with HO2, resulting in more oxidized products from monoterpene degradation that favors HOM formation. The results suggest that detailed SOA mechanisms including autoxidation are necessary for accurate predictions of SOA concentrations in 3-D modeling.
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•Comparison of simulations with SOA mechanisms of different complexity: GBM vs. H2O•GBM outperforms H2O in matching observed aerosol data.•Biogenic SOA increase from NOx mitigation if detailed SOA mechanisms are used.•3-D simulations require detailed SOA mechanisms for accurate SOA responses.
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