In the last decade antibiotic usage in animal production systems has received a considerable public attention. The use, overuse and misuse of antibiotics provided an excellent environment for the ...selection and dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes across a wide diversity of bacteria, mainly through horizontal gene transfer. Resistance genes move between animal and human bacteria mainly through the food chain. Thus resistance generated in animal production environments could result in the loss of effectiveness of antibiotics used for the treatment of human diseases. The increasing threat of emerging bacterial pathogens resistant to a variety of antibiotics and the economic and human burden have moved the legislators in EU to ban antibiotic usage in animal food production as growth promoters in 2006 and recently proposed further non-binding recommendations to ban antibiotics for prophylactic use too. The costs for such actions will presumably be much lower in comparison to the costs of leaving the issue as it is. However, in non EU countries such measures have not been adopted yet. The mechanisms and examples of antibiotic resistance development and dissemination are described, focusing on antibiotics used both in human and veterinary medicine and animal food production.
V zadnjem desetletju je uporaba antibiotikov v živinoreji pritegnila pozornost širše javnosti. Nenadzorovana, prekomerna in nenamenska uporaba antibiotikov je, predvsem preko mehanizma horizontalnega prenosa genov, omogočila selekcijo in širjenje proti antibiotikom odpornih bakterij in genov z zapisi za odpornost. Prenos odpornih bakterij oziroma genov z zapisi za odpornost med človekom in živalmi poteka predvsem preko prehranjevalne verige. Posledično lahko odporne bakterije ali geni z zapisom za odpornost, ki izvirajo iz živinorejskega okolja, zmanjšajo učinkovitost zdravljenja bakterijskih okužb z antibiotiki pri človeku. Vse večja grožnja pojavljanja novih večkratno odpornih patogenih bakterij, ter kot posledica vpliv na zdravje ljudi in tudi ekonomska škoda, so pripeljali do odločitve Evropske skupnosti, da od leta 2006 prepove uporabo antibiotikov kot pospeševalcev rasti v živinoreji. Nedavno pa so sprejeli tudi priporočilo, po katerem naj se antibiotikov v živinoreji ne bi uporabljalo več niti za profilakso. V večini držav izven EU podobne zakonodaje še niso sprejeli. V tem preglednem članku so opisani primeri razvoja in pojavljanja odpornosti proti antibiotikom, ki se uporabljajo tako v humani medicini in veterini, kot posledica množične uporabe v živinoreji.
Prispevek predstavlja ključne dejavnike, ki vplivajo na nakupovanje ekoloških pridelkov ter značilnosti potrošnika ekološko pridelane hrane. Uvodoma so predstavljene izbrane značilnosti razvoja ...kmetijstva in ekološkega kmetijstva v Sloveniji in na Češkem ter teoretičnometodološka izhodišča raziskave. Na primeru dveh skupin urbanih potrošnikov (v Ljubljani in Ostravi) smo izvedli primerjalno raziskavo o socioekonomskih značilnostih obeh skupin kupcev, navadah in značilnostih nakupovanja ekoloških živil ter najpomembnejših razlogih za nakup ekološko pridelane hrane.
Food Safety Shaw, Ian C
2012, 2012., 2013., 2012-09-17
eBook, Book
Food safety is a modern concept. Remarkably, it is only in the last 200 years that such concepts as foodborne germs, and the means of combating them (such as antiseptics and refrigeration), have been ...popularised. Yet in the 21st Century, consumers in the developed world do not accept that the food which they purchase and consume might carry a risk of making them ill – that our food should be safe is something we all take for granted.Food safety is a multi-faceted subject, using microbiology, chemistry, standards and regulations and risk management to address issues involving bacterial pathogens, chemical contaminants, natural toxicants, additive safety, allergens and more. In Food Safety: The Science of Keeping Food Safe, Professor Ian C. Shaw introduces these topics with wit and practical wisdom, providing an accessible guide to a vibrant and constantly evolving subject. Each chapter proceeds from introductory concepts and builds towards a sophisticated treatment of the topic, allowing the reader to take what knowledge is required for understanding food safety at a range of levels.Illustrated with photographs and examples throughout, this book is the ideal starting point for students and non-specialists seeking to learn about food safety issues, and an enjoyable and stylish read for those who already have an academic or professional background in the area.
In order to improve the knowledge on environmental impacts of current production systems and to find the solutions to reduce the negative impacts effective multi-approach environmental assessment ...methodologies are required. The environmental impacts assessed in complex systems, such as agriculture and food production, are prone to higher uncertainties. Therefore, field-specific standardization of the assessment procedures based on multiple screening studies are required to make the assessment outcome less vulnerable. The procedure array pairing for the formation of production step emission inventory is an important methodological process in environmental impact assessment. Initial production data was coupled with specialized databases, models found in scientific literature and environmental category characterization guidelines in order to construct an environmental impact methodological framework specific to four case studies of traditional food production.
Analiza okoljskih vplivov dejavnosti agroživilskega sektorja je večplastno opravilo, ki nas pogosto privede do precej negotovih ocen. Oceno vpliva na okolje, v kateri hkrati obravnavamo več vidikov obremenjevanja okolja, lahko izboljšamo s področno-specifično standardizacijo postopkov presoje, ki temelji na podlagi konkretnih primerov iz proizvodnje. Oblikovanje nabora postopkov za pripravo emisijske evidence posameznih proizvodnih korakov je pomemben proces ocenjevanja vplivov na okolje. V našem delu smo eksperimentalne in proizvodne podatke podprli s specializiranimi zbirkami podatkov, modeli iz strokovne literature ter smernicami za karakterizacijo okoljskih kategorij. Predstavljen metodološki okvir smo oblikovali za oceno okoljskega vpliva štirih primerov iz proizvodnje tradicionalnih živil.
Case studies of environmental impact assessment were performed for production steps of three traditional food production lines (dairy cow breeding, dry-cured ham, Brassica sp. growing) in order to ...examine the previously constructed methodological framework. The emission inventory was obtained on the basis of initial experimental data. The emissions were aggregated accordingly for the characterization to environmental impact categories. The contribution of studied process steps to several environmental impact categories was assessed (greenhouse gas emission, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, use of resources and use of agricultural land).
V tem prispevku predstavljamo končne rezultate ocenjevanja vplivov konkretnih primerov iz proizvodnih linij tradicionalnih živil na okolje. Na primerih uvajanja inovacij v proizvodnje linije v proizvodnji tradicionalnih živil (sir, pršut, cvetača) smo preverili ustreznost vnaprej vzpostavljenega metodološkega ogrodja za ocenjevanje vplivov na okolje. Na podlagi eksperimentalnih podatkov smo opravili popis emisij, iz popisa pa smo izračunali doprinos proizvodnih postopkov k posameznim kategorijam okoljskih vplivov. Glede na dostopnost in kakovost podatkov smo ocenili doprinos različnih postopkov pridelave k več kategorijam obremenjevanja okolja (izpusti toplogrednih plinov, prekurzorji kislega dežja, prekomerno kopičenje hranil v okolju, potencial za nastajanje ozonskih lukenj, raba kmetijskih površin in raba drugih virov).
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