الأنطولوجيا عند كريستيان فولف الخطيب، محمد حبيب سلمان
Literature of Kufa,
2023, Letnik:
15, Številka:
55
Journal Article
Recenzirano
يعد الفيلسوف الألماني كريستيان فولف ممثلا بارزا لفلسفة التنوير في ألمانيا في القرن الثامن عشر، وحظيت مؤلفاه ذات الطابع التعليمي بشهرة واسعة، وكان لها أثرها على المفكرين في عصره وما تلاه من مدد زمنية، ...ولذلك نجد لها أثرا واضحا عند إيمانويل كانط، كما أثر في فلسفة فريدريك هيغل، وعلى الرغم من ذلك عد فولف عند أغلب الباحثين بالمتابع لفلسفة لايبنتز، وأنه مفتقر للأصالة الفكرية، والذي اتضح من خلال البحث أنه صحيح في الإطار العام، وليس بشكل مطلق، إذ كانت لفولف مسائل عارض فيها فلسفة لايبنتز، ومنها رفضه المذهب الواحدي (المونادات)، كذلك رفضه للمنطق الرياضي الذي دعا إليه لايبنتز، وذهب إلى أن المنهج الأمثل للفلسفة هو المنهج الاستنباطي.
Spider dragline silk fibers are important in nature for capturing prey and as a lifeline. However, spider silk is exposed to a range of humidity and deformation conditions, and it is important to ...understand what effect these have on its properties. Here, we simultaneously investigated the effect of a wide range of strain rates on the structural and mechanical properties of spider silk under different humidity conditions. The toughness of the silk fiber was enhanced under mild humidity and high deformation rate conditions, which occur in the natural habitat of spiders. Structural changes in the fiber upon tension were monitored with a wide-angle X-ray scattering system, showing that during stretching the orientation of the crystalline β-sheets aligned, whereas the crystallite size decreased. These findings help to understand the link between the structural changes and mechanical behavior of spider silk.
Spider silk is well known for its high toughness. Here, a comprehensive study of the simultaneous effect of strain rate and humidity on toughness is reported, revealing that toughness is highest under mildly humid conditions and at high strain rates, similar conditions to those in nature.
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein is widely used to fabricate antifouling coatings for nanobiotechnology applications. Numerous BSA protein options are commercially available and obtained through ...different purification methods, however, there is no guidance on which ones are preferable for antifouling coatings. Herein, we investigate the real-time fabrication of antifouling coatings composed of BSA proteins obtained through different purification methods, and report significant differences in ultrathin film coating properties and ability to mitigate serum biofouling and to prevent nanoparticle-induced immune reactions. Mechanistic studies unravel the source of these performance variations, which are related to some BSA proteins containing fatty acid stabilizers while other BSA proteins are fatty acid-free depending on the purification method. Fatty acid-free BSA proteins exhibit greater conformational flexibility and less charge repulsion, which allow them to form more rigidly attached and tightly packed coatings on flat surfaces and nanoparticles that result in superior application performance.
Bovine serum albumin proteins are used to fabricate antifouling coatings, but it is unclear which of these give the best coatings. Here, bovine serum albumin proteins from different purification processes are investigated, revealing that fatty acid-free proteins give superior antifouling properties.
In 1816 the Friends Tract Association published an excerpt from John Woolman’s first antislavery essay Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes with every reference to slavery edited out. The ...editors wanted to highlight Woolman’s ‘general’ message, that those who maintained their health, lived humbly and served God were rewarded with true happiness. In the excerpt, using biblical citations and an invocation of the early Quaker colonisation of the Delaware Valley, Woolman asserted that God rewards his servants. The excerpt successfully highlights this easily overlooked feature of Woolman’s lifelong ministry, but by omitting Woolman’s discussion of slavery it violated his original intention. The excerpt appeared in the last year of Quaker consensus on the issue of slavery. The editors believed they could set the issue aside because they thought the Quakers were in agreement on it, but shortly after their excerpt appeared the Quaker consensus on slavery fell apart.
This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0.
Hammerschmidt focuses on Jane Collier's copy of a letter in the Richardson correspondence. It is well known that Samuel Richardson developed extensive correspondence networks in both fact and fiction ...throughout his life. Much of the earliest surviving correspondence deals with his first work of fiction, the self-consciously novel and novelistic Pamela (1740). In fact, it was probably in response to the success of this novel and to the correspondence it generated that Richardson began to collect and keep copies of the letters he wrote and received.
Georg Forster (1754-1794) was famous during his lifetime,
notorious after his death, and largely forgotten by the later
nineteenth century. Remembered today as the young man who sailed
around the ...world with Captain Cook and as one of the leading
figures in the revolutionary Republic of Mainz, Forster was also a
prolific writer and translator who left behind two travelogues, a
series of essays on diverse topics, and numerous letters.
This in-depth look at Forster's work and life reveals his
importance for other writers of the age. Todd Kontje traces the
major intellectual themes and challenges found in Forster's
writings, interweaving close textual analysis with his rich but
short life. Each chapter engages with themes that reflect the
current debates in eighteenth-century literary and cultural
studies, including changing notions of authorship, multilingualism,
the representation of so-called primitive societies, Enlightenment
ideas about race, and early forms of ecological thinking. As Kontje
shows, Forster's peripatetic life, malleable sense of national
identity, and fluency in multiple languages contrast with the image
of the solitary genius in the "age of Goethe." In this way, Forster
provides a different model of authorship and citizenship better
understood in the context of an increasingly globalized world.
Compellingly argued and engagingly written, this book restores
Forster to his rightful place within the German literary tradition,
and in so doing, it urges us to reconsider the age of Goethe as
multilingual and malleable, local and cosmopolitan, dynamic and
decentered. It will be welcomed by specialists in German studies
and the Enlightenment.
In late 18th century Britain, typhus fever plagued the mass mobilisation of soldiers and posed a significant challenge to physicians of the time. Epidemic typhus was spread through highly infectious ...faeces of infected lice and carried a high mortality in patients and healthcare staff alike. Physicians James Carmichael Smyth (1741–1821) and Archibald Menzies (1754–1842) theorized that typhus fever was caused by infection of human exhalation. They trialled the use of vapourised nitrous acid to fumigate patients, their clothes and their bedspace, with apparent success. Despite this, typhus fever continued to ravage deployments of soldiers into the early 19th century, stimulating the continuing evolution of the understanding of typhus and its treatment.
This article contextualizes Johann Jakob Breitinger's Critische Dichtkunst (1740) within a transdisciplinary discourse on Aufmerksamkeit (attention) in eighteenth-century epistemology and science. I ...argue that Breitinger's adaptation of the epistemology of attention defines his most distinctive poetological concepts, including his notion of poetry as a type of painting (poetische Mahlerey), his elevation of the new (das Neue) and the marvelous (das Wunderbare) into central categories of poetics, and his subversion of the traditional principle of imitation of nature (Nachahmung der Natur). Excavating Breitinger's revision of poetics on the basis of a representationalist concept of attention recovers the Critische Dichtkunst as an important forerunner of Alexander Baumgarten's momentous conjunction of artistic production and sense perception in a single discipline of aesthetics. Finally, the article demonstrates the transdisciplinary potency of the concept of attention in the early eighteenth century, well before the late-nineteenth-century rise of empirical psychology highlighted by conventional accounts of the emergence of attention as a key concern of modern culture.
Anton Wilhelm Amo Mabe, Jacob Emmanuel; Oguejiofor, J. Obi
2014
eBook
Wilhelm Anton Amo is probably the only African personality that took part with his own writings in the intellectual discourses of the 18th Century in Europe. There is no contradiction between his ...personal thought and the general spirit of the Enlightenment. Amo debated on all the important questions of philosophy at the time – from metaphysics through logic and epistemology to political philosophy and philosophy of language. But his intellectual works remain till today unknown. The present increasing interest in his person no doubt arises from the growing importance of intercultural philosophy. This book is an introduction to his philosophical system. Amo understands philosophy as a manner of thinking that aims at perfection. Perfection is rooted in the self preservation and security of the individual as well as the preservation and moral perfection of the whole of humanity. In addition, the book dwells on materialism at the centre of which stands dualism of body and soul. The human soul is an immaterial essence without the faculty of sensation. The book also discusses Hermeneutics under which Amo examines the problem of prejudice and objective understanding. He warns in this regard against doctrinaire interpretation which observes only the rules of logic and grammar and which ignores personal opinions that luck behind texts. The book ends with the question of the meaning of Amo for world philosophy.The Author: Born in 1959 in Cameroon, Jacob Emmanuel Mabe is Dr. in philosophy and Dr. in Political Science, Professor of Intercultural Philosophy at the France-Centre of the Free University of Berlin. He is the editor and co-author of the first African encyclopedia in the German Language. His research interest is in the areas of cultural philosophy, African and European intellectual history, French philosophy, political philosophy, intercultural and international ethics.
Pneumococcal autolysins are enzymes involved in cell wall turnover and cellular division physiologically. They have been found to be involved in the pneumococcus pathogenesis. The aim of this study ...was to identify the autolytic activity of Spr1754 as a novel protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Moreover, the binding of the recombinant protein to plasma proteins was also determined. The spr1754 gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into the pET21a(+) prokaryotic expression vector. The constructed pET21a(+)/spr1754 recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli Origami (DE3) and induced using IPTG. The recombinant protein of Spr1754 was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis using anti-His tag monoclonal antibody. Autolytic activity and the ability of the recombinant protein in binding to plasma proteins were performed using zymogram analysis and western blot, respectively. The spr1754 with expected size was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli Origami (DE3), successfully. After purification of the Spr1754 recombinant protein, the autolytic activity was observed by zymography. Of the four plasma proteins used in this study, binding of lactoferrin to Spr1754 recombinant protein was shown. The Spr1754 recombinant protein has a bifunctional activity, i.e., as being autolysin and lactoferrin binding and designated as Aap (autolytic/ adhesion/ pneumococcus). Nevertheless, characterization of the Aap needs to be followed using gene inactivation and cell wall localization.
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