Bagdad 1915/17 Krethlow, Carl Alexander
2018, 20180305
eBook
Carl Alexander Krethlow öffnet mit seiner Darstellung den Blick auf den Krieg in einer Region, die bis heute im Brennpunkt des Weltgeschehens steht. Der Erste Welt-krieg im Irak - ein von deutschen ...Historikern stiefmütter-lich behandeltes Thema - zeichnete sich durch eine Viel-falt von Kampfverfahren aus. Die langwierigen und aus-gedehnten Gefechte in der Region um Bagdad, Basra und Mossul zeigen exemplarisch die Merkmale der Kriegführung im Orient zwischen 1914 und 1918. Der schnelle britische Vorstoß 1916 steht für den Bewe-gungskrieg. Bei der Belagerung von Kut el Amara wand-ten die Osmanen die klassische Belagerungstaktik an. Südlich der Stadt kam es zum Kampf aus Schützengrä-ben, die mit Stacheldraht und MG-Nestern geschützt wa-ren - ein Vorgehen, das sich kaum von den Schlacht-feldern bei Verdun und an der Somme unterschied. Zu-dem wandten die Briten systematische Strafexpeditio-nen gegen die irakische Zivilbevölkerung an. Maßnah-men, die auch nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg weiter anhiel-ten und 1920 wesentlich zum irakischen Aufstand gegen die britischen Besatzer führten. In 1914, the districts of Basra, Baghdad and Mosul formed an integral part of the Ottoman Empire. London regarded them as a potential threat to the British maritime route to India as well as to the British oil refineries in southwest Persia. The British invasion of Iraq began on 6th November 1914. Despite the lack of troops and material, Ottoman forces repeatedly succeeded in overcoming the enemy. Partially under German command, they were victorious e.g. in the battles of Ctesiphon, Sag Sahil, Fellahiye, Sabis and in the siege of Kut al-Amara. By the end of 1916 though, British-Indian forces in Iraq had undergone extensive reinforcements and reorganisation. Ottoman operations however focused on Persia and therefore the strength of their troops around Kut was weakened. The
second British offensive on Baghdad proved to be successful. In October 1918, what was left of the Ottoman forces had retreated to Mosul. The numerous punitive expeditions against Iraqi civilians lead by British-Indian forces started in 1915; they were carried on well over the end of the war and finally conducted to the Iraqi revolt of 1920.
Este trabalho focaliza a atuação política e empresarial de António Figueirinhas, que foi um dos principais representantes do professorado primário nas primeiras décadas da república portuguesa, ...sobretudo por ter defendido os interesses de classe da categoria profissional à qual pertencia. Figueirinhas fez da imprensa de educação e ensino uma das principais trincheiras dos professores na luta por seus interesses de classe. Assim procedendo, fez confluir os interesses pedagógicos dos professores primários para os seus interesses comerciais. Foi autor de livros escolares, editor, livreiro, proprietário de escolas, jornais e revistas e de uma fábrica de móveis escolares. Foi um insofismável empresário, portanto, no campo da educação escolar.
The broad focus of this article is on the economic aftermath of the Afrikaner Rebellion of 1914-1915 and its wider repercussions as viewed through the lens of the Helpmekaar movement and its £100 ...Fund. In its engagement with the economic underpinnings which served as a springboard for incipient and embryonic Afrikaner nationalism it elaborates on the work of Hermann Giliomee and Dan O'Meara in this regard. Firstly, it presents the Helpmekaar movement as it operated in the period 1915-1917 as a "poverty-alleviation programme" - a scheme to avert an escalation of the poor white problem by ensuring that 11 000 rebels do not permanently join the ranks of the poor whites. As such, it ranks among the most successful schemes of its kind in Afrikaner history. The second specific focus of the article is on the political economy of the £100 fund. By analysing the geographical distribution of the contributions to the fund an attempt is made to determine the possible correlation between this distribution and the geographical distribution of National Party (NP) support in the 1915 election. As far as the political impact of the Helpmekaar movement and its symbolic standard-bearer - the £100 Fund - on the fortunes of Afrikaner nationalism is concerned, the quantitative analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between support for the NP and its translation into support for the Helpmekaar movement and vice versa. It is therefore suggested that the £100 fund established the template for the future growth and eventual success of Afrikaner nationalism and ethnic mobilization.
Campo trincerato di Gorizia
Tratto da:
La guerra sull'Isonzo nel 1916 : dall'inizio dell'anno alla battaglia di Gorizia / Francesco Zingales. - Roma: Stabilimento poligrafico per l'amministrazione ...dello stato, 1925
Estratto da: Rassegna dell'esercito italiano, fasc. 1-4, 1925.
Volume conservato e digitalizzato dalla Biblioteca Universitaria di Genova
(http://www.bibliotecauniversitaria.ge.it)
Predmeti iz kaverne nam razkrijejo vojakovo vsakdanje življenje. V zbirki Malega vojnega muzeja jih je kar nekaj, od manjših bolj osebnih (npr. zobna ščetka, gumbi, lesene in porcelanaste pipe, ...stekleničke za zdravila in črnilo …) do menažk, čutar, pivskih steklenic in jedilnega pribora.
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