This fascinating history explores one of America's earliest counterinsurgency campaigns outside the Western Hemisphere. Few remember that shortly before the end of World War I, the United States sent ...thousands of troops to Siberia, who remained there for a year and a half to suppress the Bolshevik Revolution. Carl J. Richard convincingly shows that the intervention ironically enabled the survival of the emerging Soviet regime and influenced subsequent Soviet-American relations. The episode also teaches valuable lessons about the extreme difficulties inherent in counterinsurgency campaigns and about the absolute need to secure widespread support on the ground if such campaigns are to achieve success, knowledge that U.S. policymakers tragically ignored in Vietnam, and later struggled to implement in Iraq and Afghanistan.
This collection of essays addresses the challenge of modern nationalism to the tsarist Russian Empire. First appearing on the empire’s western periphery, this challenge was most prevalent in twelve ...provinces extending from Ukrainian lands in the south to the Baltic provinces in the north, and to the Kingdom of Poland. At issue is whether the late Russian Empire entered World War I as a multiethnic state with many of its age-old mechanisms run by a multiethnic elite, or as a Russian state predominantly managed by ethnic Russians. The tsarist vision of prioritizing loyalty among all subjects over privileging ethnic Russians and discriminating against non-Russians faced a fundamental problem: as soon as the opportunity presented itself, non-Russians would increase their demands and become increasingly separatist. The authors found that although the imperial government did not really identify with popular Russian nationalism, it sometimes ended up implementing policies promoted by Russian nationalist proponents. Matters addressed include native language education, interconfessional rivalry, the “Jewish question,” the origins of mass tourism in the western provinces, and the emergence of Russian nationalist attitudes in the aftermath of the first Russian revolution.
In the final months of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson and many US allies decided to intervene in Siberia in order to protect Allied wartime and business interests, among them the ...Trans-Siberian Railroad, from the turmoil surrounding the Russian revolution. American troops would remain until April 1920 with some of our allies keeping troops in Siberia even longer.
Few American citizens have any idea that the United States ever deployed soldiers to Siberia and that those soldiers eventually played a role in the Russian revolution while protecting the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Wolfhounds and Polar Bears in Siberia relies on the detailed reports of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) as well as on personal stories to bring this rarely discussed expedition to life.
Initial chapters recount the period in World War I when conditions in Russia pointed to the need for intervention as well as the varied reasons for that decision. A description of the military forces and the geographic difficulties faced by those forces operating in Siberia provide the baseline necessary to understand the AEF’s actions in Siberia. A short discussion of the Russian Railway Service Corps explains their essential and sometimes overlooked role in this story, and subsequent chapters provide a description of actual operations by the AEF.
Wolfhounds and Polar Bears in Siberia may well be the most detailed study of the military aspects of the American intervention in Siberia ever undertaken, offering a multitude of details not available in any other book-length history.
Resumo: Introdução: Tão rápidas e destrutivas quanto a doença pandêmica,a propagação de inverdades em cenários de pandemias tem levado a muitas mortes. Para tanto, intervenções contrainfodêmicas são ...hoje um dos maiores desafios para o setor de saúde Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender as confluências da desinformação na gripe espanhola e na Covid-19 e como atuam os influenciadores de notícias falsas no campo da saúde brasileira. Método: Trata-se de estudo documental com abordagem qualitativa feita por meio da triangulação de dados em diferentes fontes e nos períodos da gripe espanhola (de 1918 a 1920) e da Covid-19 (de 2020 a 2021). Resultado: Observou-se que as pandemias foram e continuam cenários férteis para a produção e propagação dos influenciadores da desinformação e que se faz necessário problematizar os desafios da formação do trabalhador em tempos de modernidade líquida e em contextos de infodemias, já que os discursos profissionais têm sido fragilizados diante da desinformação. Conclusão: O estudo possibilitou compreender as confluências da desinformação entre a gripe espanhola e a Covid-19, e o papel da formação em saúde no enfrentamento da disseminação em massa de notícias falsas na saúde brasileira.
Renovating Russiais a richly comparative investigation of late Imperial and early Soviet medico-scientific theories of moral and social disorder. Daniel Beer argues that in the late Imperial years ...liberal psychiatrists, psychologists, and criminologists grappled with an intractable dilemma. They sought to renovate Russia, to forge a modern enlightened society governed by the rule of law, but they feared the backwardness, irrationality, and violent potential of the Russian masses. Situating their studies of degeneration, crime, mental illness, and crowd psychology in a pan-European context, Beer shows how liberals' fears of societal catastrophe were only heightened by the effects of industrial modernization and the rise of mass politics.
In the wake of the orgy of violence that swept the Empire in the 1905 Revolution, these intellectual elites increasingly put their faith in coercive programs of scientific social engineering. Their theories survived liberalism's political defeat in 1917 and meshed with the Bolsheviks' radical project for social transformation. They came to sanction the application of violent transformative measures against entire classes, culminating in the waves of state repression that accompanied forced industrialization and collectivization.Renovating Russiathus offers a powerful revisionist challenge to established views of the fate of liberalism in the Russian Revolution.
Summary
The unexpected arrival of the novel Coronavirus in January 2020 has changed many aspects of our daily lives and our sense of normalcy. This is not the first pandemic humans have faced, ...however. Older generations still remember their parents’ stories about the 1918‐1920 influenza pandemic, for example, which, like COVID‐19, caused serious respiratory problems, death, and fear of the unknown. Through my autoethnographic explorations across time and space, this essay examines how stories of past pandemics (re)emerge at a fast pace, reinforcing embodiments of dread and fear during COVID‐19’s trying times.
La gripe de 1918 en Cuba Beldarraín Chaple, Enrique; Cabrera Alfonso, Bélgica; Armenteros Vera, Ileana
Revista cubana de salud pública,
12/2019, Letnik:
45, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
RESUMEN Introducción: A finales de la segunda década del siglo XX, entre los años 1918 y 1919, a nivel mundial se propagó la pandemia de influenza que se conoce como “gripe española”. En Cuba causó ...una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad, lo que motivó una gran preocupación en la población y las autoridades sanitarias del país. Objetivos: Caracterizar la epidemia de gripe de 1918-1919 en Cuba a partir del análisis de los documentos que se conservan sobre su evolución y medidas preventivas. Método: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa a partir del análisis documental como procedimientos para la aplicación del método teórico histórico-lógico. Se revisaron estadísticas, artículos, directrices y planes de enfrentamiento a la epidemia, de la dirección de Sanidad, e informes sobre su control. Resultados: Entre 1918 y 1920, se reportó la mayor mortalidad en Cuba por gripe. La morbilidad se recoge desde 1942, con cifra mayor en 1957 (tasa de 1419.86 x 105 habitantes), 1951 (6.92 x 105 habitantes), 1947 (5.88 x 105 habitantes). La mortalidad más elevada correspondió a los años 1918- 1920 (193,92 x 105 habitantes; 50,11 y 47,46). Conclusiones: La epidemia de gripe de 1918, causó en Cuba una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad, se elaboraron planes adecuados de contingencia para frenarla, de acuerdo a su naturaleza y al desarrollo de los conocimientos científicos del momento.
Founded by Peter the Great in 1718, Russia’s police were key instruments of tsarist power. In the reign of Alexander II (1855-1881), local police forces took on new importance. The liberation of 23 ...million serfs from landlord control, growing fear of crime, and the terrorist violence of the closing years challenged law enforcement with new tasks that made worse what was already a staggering burden. This book describes the regime’s decades-long struggle to reform and strengthen the police. The author reviews the local police’s role and performance in the mid-nineteenth century and the implications of the largely unsuccessful effort to transform them. From a longer-term perspective, the study considers how the police’s systemic weaknesses undermined tsarist rule, impeded a range of liberalizing reforms, perpetuated reliance on the military to maintain law and order, and gave rise to vigilante justice. While its primary focus is on European Russia, the analysis also covers much of the imperial periphery, discussing the police systems in the Baltic Provinces, Congress Poland, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Siberia.
Purpose of the study: Recreation of a historically truthful picture, reflecting the role of educational work in the army during the Civil War (1918-1920), which currently continues to be the subject ...of sharp ideological and scientific discussions. Introduction of previously unknown to the scientific community documents concerning political work in the troops. Generalization of the experience of this work with the aim of shaping the scientific historical consciousness among young people in the context of the modern information struggle.
Methodology: The conceptual basis for the study relies on the integral paradigm of historical analysis (introduced by the representatives of the RSSU historical school). It allows not only to compare polar versions of the description of the key problems of the Civil War history to create a multidimensional historical panorama but also to find a consensus between the methodological concepts that guided the development of the national historical science in the Soviet period and the modern paradigms of historical knowledge.
Main Findings: 1. The experience of the activities of the political bodies of the Southern Front related educational work in troops during the Civil War has been considered in order to preserve historical heritage. 2. New archival documents, including leaflets that determine the scientific argumentation of the problem, as well as new concepts (“integral paradigm of historical analysis” and “cultural-historiographic space”) have been introduced into the scientific circulation. 3. The main approaches to assessing the events of the Civil War have been defined.
Applications of this study: The study can be used in the implementation of various educational programs and projects, scientific and methodological research of problems of national history, as well as training and professional retraining of specialists in the field of history teaching.
Novelty/Originality of this study: A holistic picture of the activities of the Red Army political agencies in carrying out party political work in the troops of the Southern Front during the Civil War has been presented. The main forms of cultural, educational and propaganda work carried out among the frontline troops and the enemy forces have been analyzed. An assessment of the effectiveness of the mass political work in the creation and strengthening of the Red Army during the period under study has been given.
L’objet de ce dossier vise à croiser les regards et les approches disciplinaires pour proposer des analyses plurielles de la crise sanitaire COVID-19 en Turquie. Les différentes approches font ...émerger des questionnements transversaux. Un premier questionnement tient à la pertinence des différents pouvoirs (locaux, étatiques, internationaux) face à des épidémies qui présentent toutes des spécificités, tant du point de vue de la diffusion et de la prévention, que des savoirs ou de la prise en charge. Une deuxième interrogation transversale porte sur la compénétration des pratiques et rituels sociaux et des dispositifs techniques. Les épidémies transforment le quotidien en validant ou répudiant certaines pratiques, et en induisant des réponses techniques qui sont à leur tour ritualisées. Comment interpréter cette transformation des pratiques ? Un troisième questionnement porte sur la frontière entre experts et profanes et à son évolution dans la temporalité de la pandémie. L’idée qu’un événement de l’ampleur d’une épidémie nécessitait une réponse organisée, et par conséquent un pilotage politico-sanitaire surplombant s’est heurtée à la durée de la pandémie, à l’évolution des connaissances à son sujet et à la compétition des objectifs stratégiques des politiques publiques, même lorsque ceux-ci, la santé et l’économie notamment, ne pouvaient aller l’un sans l’autre.
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