Dans cet article, l’auteure retrace les premiers moments de l’introduction de la psychanalyse en pédopsychiatrie et le contexte de leur émergence dans les années 1920 et 1930 en France. Ils sont ...contemporains de la difficile introduction de la psychanalyse dans l’univers médical. La psychanalyse de l’enfant apparaît alors comme une prophylaxie des troubles névrotiques et suscite l’intérêt des psychopédagogues et des éducateurs. L’auteure retrace les travaux pionniers de la psychanalyste Sophie Morgenstern au sein de la consultation de psychiatrie infantile de Georges Heuyer, et ceux de Pierre Mâle dans sa consultation de psychiatrie infantile à Henri Rousselle. Celui-ci deviendra, à la Libération, le spécialiste de la psychothérapie de l’adolescent. Cependant, l’héritage de Morgenstern va être oublié ou renié par ceux qui vont lui succéder, et elle s’interroge sur les raisons de ce phénomène. Ces travaux pionniers, qui dessinent un nouveau visage de l’enfance normale et anormale, vont connaître une forte expansion après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.
In this paper, the author describes the first moments of the introduction of psychoanalysis in child psychiatry and the context of their emergence in the 1920s and 1930s in France. They are contemporaneous with the difficult introduction of psychoanalysis into the medical world. Child psychoanalysis then appeared as a prophylaxis of neurotic disorders, and aroused the interest of educational psychologists and educators. It traces the pioneering work of psychoanalyst Sophie Morgenstern in Georges Heuyer's child psychiatry consultation, and that of Pierre Mâle in Henri Rousselle's child psychiatry consultation. After the Liberation, he became the recognized specialist in adolescent psychotherapy. On the other hand, Morgenstern's legacy will be forgotten or disowned by those who will succeed her, and the author wonders about the reasons for this phenomenon. This pioneering work, which drew a new face of normal and abnormal childhood, was to be greatly expanded after the Second World War.
L’Équateur du début du XXe siècle connaît un processus de « modernisation » ou de rénovation esthétique dans le domaine littéraire qui donne lieu à une valorisation critique des influences ...européennes. D’une manière plus précise ce processus de « modernisation » se concrétise par l’émergence de plusieurs revues littéraires nées dans les années 1920 dans tout le pays andin, ainsi que par le besoin de s’ouvrir au monde en organisant un réseau d’échanges de revues latino-américaines et européennes (espagnoles et françaises). Les liens entre la France et l’Équateur furent jusqu’alors très étroits grâce notamment à la fascination qu’exerça la culture française parmi une certaine élite équatorienne. Ces liens se maintiennent sous la forme d’un réseau de « correspondants » qui seront les nouveaux acteurs de la création littéraire et artistique équatorienne des années 1920 et 1930. Ces « correspondants » dans et hors du pays andin vont nourrir le débat sur la place que doit occuper l’Art dans un contexte social et politique en mutation. De nouveaux concepts théoriques politiques, artistiques mettent en exergue la nécessité de trouver une voie esthétique plus idoine avec le contexte équatorien, plus ancrée dans une réalité « propre » aux années 1930. Ce débat donne lieu à des controverses, des contradictions, des radicalisations qui révèlent une politisation chaque fois plus accrue du champ littéraire, un champ littéraire agité par des processus d’intégration et d’exclusion, d’engagements et d’oppositions.
Resumen Este artículo pretende discutir de qué manera ciertos saberes y prácticas orientados al “mejoramiento de la raza” colombiana entre 1920 y 1930 son similares o pueden localizarse en el marco ...de lo que ha sido definido por la historiografía como “movimiento eugenésico latinoamericano”. El término de “higiene social” aparece en algunos textos médicos colombianos durante ese período para hablar del mejoramiento de una fracción de la población que se definía como “degenerada”. Se trata de contribuir a la reflexión sobre la necesidad de repensar las estrategias del “mejoramiento de la raza” como problemas locales, heterogéneos y diversos.
This paper reviews the studies on human genetics, carried out by Russian women in the 1920s and 1930s. Its main objective is to determine the contribution of women scientists to the development of ...different fields of human genetics. Particular attention is given to reconstructing women geneticists’ research work, reviewing the content of their publications, and analysing the theoretical and methodological approaches they employed to tackle different scientific problems. The biographies of the pioneers in Russian “anthropogenetics” (knowledge of human heredity), R. I. Serebrovskaya, G. V. Soboleva, and N. N. Malkova, were restored on the basis of archival sources. The first women geneticists received their higher education at the Higher Women’s Courses, as, in the Russian Empire, it was prohibited for women to study at the universities. These women came into genetics from traditional biological sciences or medicine at the time when human genetics as a discipline began to emerge in Russia in the 1920s. The first works in the field of anthropogenetics, conducted by these women on their own, began to appear in 1923. By the mid ‒ 1920s, women geneticists began to use genealogical and twin methods for studying human heredity extensively. The number of women’s publications peaked in the late 1920s. Studies in the field of population genetics and medical genetics gained popularity and new biochemical and cytological methods of analysis were added to the repertoire of analytical techniques. In the 1930s, with the beginning of attacks on eugenics, studies in human genetics were rapidly wound down to be completely arrested by the 1940s. The results of the studies carried out by the Russian women anthropogeneticists in the 1920s ‒ 1930s included demonstrating hereditary nature of premature graying (R. I. Serebrovskaya), hemorrhagic diathesis and inguinal hernia (N. N. Malkova), deaf-mutism and stutter (G. V. Soboleva); determining the incidence of different genes in the populations; organizing large-scale twin studies to elucidate the role of heredity and environment in the manifestation of psychological traits; and introducing new methods for hereditary disease diagnostics and the effective practices for teaching preschool and school age children.
Lange Zeit galten Reiseberichte als Wegbegleiter des Kolonialismus. Dies ändert sich im Lateinamerika der 1920er Jahre, wovon die in Vergessenheit geratenen Feuilletonartikel, Tagebücher und ...Aufzeichnungen der chilenischen Nobelpreisträgerin Gabriela Mistral, des »Papstes des brasilianischen Modernismus« Mário de Andrade und des belgisch-französischen Avantgardisten Henri Michaux zeugen. Marília Jöhnk geht dem wissensgeschichtlichen Interesse der drei Reisenden am Kontinent und ihrem Spiel mit etablierten Formen literarischer Wahrnehmung nach. Mit dem tief in der aztekischen Mythologie verankerten Kolibri eint deren kleine Reiseprosa nicht nur die kompakte Größe, sondern auch die Mobilität und Geschwindigkeit.
As the United States economy grew in the 1920s, both wealth and income inequality rose as well. California land values were especially volatile as a variety of shocks buffeted the state. This paper ...summarizes how these local booms affected housing inequality by linking archival data on city property values to the full count 1930 census. I first characterize the relationship between the type of shock and city property values during the 1920s. Then I relate these real estate market swings to the occupational and housing distribution within and across cities in 1930.
On Christmas Eve 1924, the Dean and Chapter of St Paul's Cathedral in London were served with a Dangerous Structure Notice, closing the cathedral with immediate effect until the building (mainly the ...dome and the piers on which it rests) had been taken down and rebuilt safely. This paper outlines the survey work and architectural discussions prior to the Dangerous Structures Notice and the ultimate solution - a retro-fitted form of reinforced concrete. Study of surviving surveying equipment and archives reveals the people and collections behind a mere sentence in the cathedral's history. Physical evidence of these works can still be seen in the fabric of the building. Mervyn Macartney (architect), Sir Basil Mott (engineer) and Lt Col Crompton Sankey (surveyor and engineer) worked tirelessly towards re-opening the cathedral in June 1930.
O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as principais ideias de Fernando de Azevedo e sua atuação como formulador de projeto político-educacional no Brasil no período de 1920-1930. Ao adotar o ...materialismo histórico como método de investigação, analisa-se o objeto de estudo em articulação com o processo de transformação da sociedade brasileira no contexto delimitado. A proposição do presente trabalho justifica-se pela utilização de uma vertente analítica pouco desenvolvida nos estudos sobre a temática. Trata-se da focalização de Fernando de Azevedo como um agente do governo em ação, como planejador e administrador de políticas educacionais, portanto, sob o prisma da pesquisa em política educacional. O pensamento educacional de Azevedo e a sua ação se articularam a um processo de transformação da sociedade capitalista brasileira ao se engajar na luta para a construção de um sistema nacional de ensino público sob a tutela do Estado, em consonância com uma civilização urbano-industrial moderna.
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