Abstract
We evaluate the impact on earnings, pensions, and further labor market outcomes of two parallel educational reforms increasing instructional time in Swedish primary school. The reforms ...extended the annual term length and years of compulsory schooling by comparable amounts. We find striking differences in the effects of the two reforms: at 5% the returns to the term length extension were sizeable and benefited broad ranges of the population. The compulsory schooling extension had small (2%) albeit significant effects, which were possibly driven by an increase in post-compulsory schooling. Both reforms led to increased sorting into occupations with heavy reliance on basic skills and the term extension reduced the gender gap in employment and earnings.
During the late 1930s, the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) developed a series of area descriptions with color-coded maps of cities that summarized mortgage lending risk. We analyze the maps to ...explain the oft-noted fact that black neighborhoods overwhelmingly received the lowest rating. Our results suggest that racial bias in the construction of the HOLC maps can explain at most 4 to 20 percent of the observed concentration of black households in the lowest-rated zones. We also provide evidence that the Federal Housing Administration had its own mapping strategies when evaluating mortgages and relied relatively little on the HOLC maps.
Examines how Hollywood responded to and reflected the political and social changes that America experienced during the 1930s.In the popular imagination, 1930s Hollywood was a dream factory producing ...escapist movies to distract the American people from the greatest economic crisis in their nation's history. But while many films of the period conform to this stereotype, there were a significant number that promoted a message, either explicitly or implicitly, in support of the political, social and economic change broadly associated with President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programme. At the same time, Hollywood was in the forefront of challenging traditional gender roles, both in terms of movie representations of women and the role of women within the studio system. With case studies of actors like Shirley Temple, Cary Grant and Fred Astaire, as well as a selection of films that reflect politics and society in the Depression decade, this fascinating book examines how the challenges of the Great Depression impacted on Hollywood and how it responded to them.Topics covered include:How Hollywood offered positive representations of working womenCongressional investigations of big-studio monopolization over movie distributionHow three different types of musical genres related in different ways to the Great Depression – the Warner Bros Great Depression Musicals of 1933, the Astaire/Rogers movies, and the MGM 'kids' musicals of the late 1930sThe problems of independent production exemplified in King Vidor's Our Daily BreadCary Grant's success in developing a debonair screen persona amid Depression conditionsContributors Harvey G. Cohen, King's College LondonPhilip John Davies, British LibraryDavid Eldridge, University of HullPeter William Evans, Queen Mary, University of LondonMark Glancy, Queen Mary University of LondonIna Rae Hark, University of South CarolinaIwan Morgan, University College LondonBrian Neve, University of BathIan Scott, University of ManchesterAnna Siomopoulos, Bentley UniversityJ. E. Smyth, University of WarwickMelvyn Stokes, University College LondonMark Wheeler, London Metropolitan University
To estimate the impact of federal spending on state incomes, we develop an annual panel data set between 1930 and 1940. Using panel methods we estimate that an added dollar of federal spending in the ...state increased state per capita income by between 40 and 96 cents. The point estimates for nonfarm grants are higher and for AAA farm grants are much smaller and negative in some cases. The spending led to increase in durable good spending on automobiles but had no positive effects on private employment.
Problems with mortgage financing are widely considered to be a major cause of the recent financial meltdown. Several modern programs have been designed to mimic the Home Owners' Loan Corporation ...(HOLC) of the 1930s. We analyze the impact of the HOLC on the nonfarm rental and owned home markets for over 2,800 counties in the United States in the 1930s. In sparsely populated counties, where financial markets were not as well developed as in larger cities, the HOLC stimulated demand for owned housing more than it influenced supply. In rental markets the HOLC appears to have contributed to an increase in supply.
Presenting a portrait of engaged, activist lives in the 1930s, From Scottsboro to Munich follows a global network of individuals and organizations that posed challenges to the racism and colonialism ...of the era. Susan Pennybacker positions race at the center of the British, imperial, and transatlantic political culture of the 1930s--from Jim Crow, to imperial London, to the events leading to the Munich Crisis--offering a provocative new understanding of the conflicts, politics, and solidarities of the years leading to World War II.
During the Great Depression contemporaries worried that people hit by hard times would resort to crime. President Franklin Roosevelt argued that the massive government relief efforts “struck at the ...roots of crime” by providing subsistence income to needy families. After constructing a panel data set for 81 large American cities for the years 1930–40, we estimate the effect of relief spending by all levels of government on crime rates. The analysis suggests that a 10 percent increase in relief spending during the 1930s reduced property crime by roughly 1.5 percent. By limiting the amount of relief recipients’ free time, work relief may have been more effective than direct relief in reducing crime. More generally, our results indicate that social insurance, which tends to be understudied in economic analyses of crime, should be more explicitly and more carefully incorporated into the analysis of temporal and spatial variations in criminal activity.
Le borgate nate in epoca fascista rappresentano una pagina fondamentale della storia di Roma contemporanea. Additate come i luoghi più malfamati della città, specchio dei suoi contrasti ...socio-economici e urbanistici, in esse può riassumersi il modo disordinato in cui la capitale è cresciuta e si è sviluppata. Avamposti dell’espansione edilizia del secondo dopoguerra, le borgate hanno costituito il luogo d’approdo per migliaia di famiglie dalle molteplici provenienze. Argomento fino a oggi poco dissodato, il processo di popolamento della periferia romana è affrontato in questo libro per mezzo di nuove fonti archivistiche, con cui è stato possibile verificare ipotesi di studio di recente acquisizione. Sullo sfondo, la storia del più importante Istituto di case popolari italiano svoltasi durante il ventennio, un periodo nel quale l’ente, fiancheggiatore delle politiche urbanistiche e abitative del fascismo per la capitale e, seppur a fasi alterne, organo edilizio del Governatorato, fu impegnato nella costruzione di intere parti di città e in quella di un vasto esperimento pedagogico di educazione fascista nei suoi caseggiati, contribuendo anch’esso all’instaurazione di un sistema dalle caratteristiche totalitarie.
China's current experiences with globalism, localism, and advertising can be informed by a consideration of earlier encounters with these forces in Shanghai of the 1930s. In this paper, we examine a ...popular advertising medium of the time: the poster ad, or yuefenpai. These ads are analyzed semiotically, with a focus on the different ways in which the global transformed and was transformed by traditional Chinese culture in Old Shanghai. Implications for the role of advertising in transforming society are also discussed.
Textiles are everywhere in the modern world as natural, synthetic, and blended fibers, yarns, and fabrics. They might be woven or non-woven. We use them for cloths of all varieties from disposal ...wipes to bandages to blankets to clothing. We use them in the upholsteries, carpets, and curtains in our homes and in cars and aircraft. Textiles are now "smart." They can be embedded with sensors that monitor our life functions, such as heart rate and breathing, and send signals to medical authorities about pending heart attacks. Giving the textiles different forms through cutting and sewing as well as combining different textile and non-textile materials, we can produce products with a wide range of applications. All of them, nevertheless, are produced by similar manufacturing processes. All of us as customers are looking for quality products at a level achievable only by the use of both up-front materials design and post-manufacturing inspection. This book is written for textile experts, for quality control experts, and for researchers and students at all academic levels interested in the control and optimization of textile processes. The book is organized into two parts. Part I is a review of the concepts and tools of mathematical statistics. Part II offers a review of the methods for the experimental design of various textile processes and the methods for deriving and optimization of mathematical models. The individual models are illustrated by numerical examples, which allow for easier comprehension and implementation of the methods in practice. Special attention is given to the use of Taguchi methods in setting up experimental design models.Highlights include: * a basic overview of the statistical basis for quality control in textile processes, in Part I. * coverage of correlation analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA), in Part I. * description
of the technique for forecasting product properties during manufacture, in Part II. * reviews of the three most widely-used designs for derivation of second order mathematical models: the rotational central composite design, the orthogonal central composite design and the optimal design, in Part II.
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