Jusqu'en art, la crise du sida est un tournant majeur de l'histoire contemporaine. Cette étude couvre la période allant de ses origines à la révolution thérapeutique (trithérapies) de la fin des ...années 1990, et s'intéresse à son impact sur les artistes américains et européens et leurs œuvres. Ceux-ci, sur la question, ont trop rarement été regardés ensemble, et pourtant: de Cindy Sherman à Derek Jarman, de Niki de Saint Phalle à Jeff Kaons, de Gilbert & George à Jenny Holzer, de Michel Journiac à David Wojnarowicz, on repère le même saisissement dans les représentations, qui ne pouvaient alors plus être les mêmes, et pour cause. Y est en effet passé tout ce qui travaillait profondément les sociétés occidentales au temps de l'épidémie, et d'abord le pire d'elles-mêmes qui se défoulait dans un espace social considérablement abîmé par la crise épidémique. Les images s'en souviennent, comme des forces de résistance qui lui furent opposées, et de la volonté intraitable de n'y rien céder, de sortir par tous les moyens d'une situation bloquée. Structuré en quatre parties ("l''esprit de catastrophe" ; "Les corps de la maladie" ; "Violence exaspérée" ; "L'esprit de communauté"), qui correspondent chacune à une entrée dans l'époque et dans la crise du sida, à une hypothèse les concernant, L'art en sida ... envisage la possibilité d'écrire une histoire de la maladie à partir des très nombreuses représentations qui la firent autant qu'elles ont été provoquées par elle.
The AIDS crisis was a major turning point of contemporary history. This work, which begins with the start of the epidemic and ends with the medicinal revolution that was triple therapy, at the end of the 1990's, focuses on the impact of AIDS on - and in the works - of American and European artists. These artists have rarely been considered together through the lens of the virus, and yet Cindy Sherman, Derek Jarman, Niki de Saint Phalle, Jeff Kaons, Gilbert & George, Jenny Holzer, Michel Journiac and David Wojnarowicz - they are ail seized by same need to represent this crisis, at a time when no representation could truly be unaffected. In these works of arts, the undercurrents of western societies - starting with the bleakest - could be made current. These images could act as a memorial, like an emblem of resistance to that which would oppose them, and as beacon of indomitable will to never give up, and to try and find a way out of a deadlock. Centred on four main parts (« The Spirit of Catastrophe» ; « Bodies of Sickness »; « Frustrated Violence » ; « Community Spirit »), which each correspond to a window into the aids crisis, four proposals are put forward in order to comprehend the artistic output of the period. Art in AIDS puts forward the possibility that the works produced at the time of the disease are as much an integral part of the history of the disease than they are a consequence of it.
AID, ECONOMIC FREEDOM, AND GROWTH HECKELMAN, JAC C.; KNACK, STEPHEN
Contemporary economic policy,
01/2009, Letnik:
27, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Foreign aid has often been intended by donors to entice recipient nations into policy and institutional reforms favorable to private sector economic development. In this study, we investigate the ...relationship between aid and changes to economic freedom in recipient nations over the 1990–2000 decade. The evidence is mixed. In general, we find that foreign aid has no significant effect on economic freedom overall. However, using a hedonic approach on the different categories of economic freedom, we find that aid has still managed to contribute toward a policy and institutional environment favorable to growth, as the different categories of economic freedom improved by aid more than offset those which are harmed by aid, in terms of their impact on growth. (JEL 010, 019)
In this paper the impact of national borders on international trade within the European Union is considered. Using a gravity model, I find that, averaged over all EU countries, intranational trade is ...about ten times as high as international trade with an EU partner country of similar size and distance. This relatively strong home bias suggests that even within the European Union national borders still have a decisive impact on trade patterns. JEL Classification: F02, F14, F15, O52
Whether environmental regulations alter capital flows remains a hotly debated issue. This paper uses county-level data to examine the location decisions of domestic and foreign firms in a single ...empirical model and tests for asymmetries by firm origin in the degree to which capital flows are influenced by environmental standards. We find that while domestic firms are influenced by environmental regulations, foreign firms are not. Since the benefits of foreign investment are well-documented—foreign plants typically provide more jobs and increase local wages by more than domestic plants—this result suggests a double-dividend is available: foreign plants provide an economic stimulus and are not unduly influenced by environmental protections.
In this article we explore the effects of labor demand shifts and population adjustments across metropolitan areas on the employment and earnings of various demographic groups during the 1980s. We ...find that population shifts across areas at least partially offset the effects of these demand shifts, but less‐educated workers showed substantially lower population adjustments in response to these demand shifts. These limited supply responses apparently contributed importantly to relatively greater deterioration of employment and earnings of these groups in declining areas during the 1980s.
In this paper we show that some of the predictions of models of consumer intertemporal optimization are in line with the patterns of nondurable expenditure observed in U.S. household-level data. We ...propose a flexible specification of preferences that allows multiple commodities and yields empirically tractable equations. We estimate preference parameters using the only U.S. micro data set with complete consumption information. We show that previous rejections can be explained by the simplifying assumptions made in previous studies. We also show that results obtained using good consumption or aggregate data can be misleading.
Work and Enterprise Culture examines the world of work in the light of the major changes that have occurred over the last decade. In particular, the book focuses on what is understood by the term the ...‘enterprise culture’ and considers what impact, if any, this concept has on traditional work practices. A major feature of the book is that the essays also address questions of equal opportunity on grounds of gender and race, and examine the effects of the coming of the ‘enterprise culture’ has had on these concerns.
1. Introduction: Work and the Enterprise Culture, Malcolm Cross and Geoff Payne
2. Not Such a Small Business: Reflections on the Rhetoric, the Reality and the Future of the Enterprise Culture, Roger Burrows and James Curran
3. Paternalist Capitalism: An Organization Culture in Transition, Peter Ackers and John Black
4. From Coalminers to Entrepreneurs? A Case Study in the Sociology of Re-Industrialisation, Gareth Rees and Marilyn Thomas
5. Social Polarization in the Inner City: An Analysis of the Impact of Labour Market and Household Change, Nick Buck
6. Young People’s Transitions into the Labour Market, Ken Roberts, Glennys Parsell and Michelle Connolly
7. Part-time Employment, Dual Careers and Equal Opportunities, Michael Maguire
8. Gender and Graduate Under-Employment, Tony Chapman
9. Gender and Patriarchy in Mining Communities, Sandra Hebron and Maggie Wykes
10. Economic Change and Employment Practice: Consequences for Ethnic Minorities, Nick Jewson and David Mason
11. Gatekeepers in the Urban Labour Market: Constraining or Constrained?, John Wrench
References
Notes on Contributors
Index
ABSTRACT
This paper empirically investigates whether labour mobility can transfer technology across borders based on the panel cointegration method. Estimates of specifications on a cross‐section of ...19 OECD countries during 1980–1990 lend strong support to this thesis. Data indicate that international labour movement may help transfer technology across borders in both directions: from donor countries to host countries and vice versa. This suggests that migration may more likely create a ‘brain circulation’ rather than a ‘brain drain’. In addition, human capital has a significant impact on the research and development (R&D) diffusion process as it enhances a country's capacity to learn from a foreign technology base.
We analyze how relative wage movements among birth cohorts and education groups affected the distribution of household consumption and economic welfare. Our empirical work draws on the best available ...cross-sectional data sets to construct synthetic panel data on U.S. consumption, labor supply, and wages during the 1980s. We find that low-frequency movements in the cohort-education structure of pretax hourly wages among men drove large changes in the distribution of household consumption. The results constitute a spectacular failure of between-group consumption insurance, a failure not explained by existing theories of informationally constrained optimal consumption behavior. A welfare analysis indicates that the cost of between-group consumption variability is larger than the cost of aggregate consumption variability by two orders of magnitude.
Taxes and female labor supply Kaygusuz, Remzi
Review of economic dynamics,
10/2010, Letnik:
13, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 and the Tax Reform Act of 1986 changed the U.S. income tax structure in a dramatic fashion. In particular, these two reforms reduced the marginal tax rates for ...married households. In this paper I investigate what part of the rise in labor force participation of married women between 1980 to 1990 (a rise of 13 percentage points) can be accounted by the changes in taxes. I build an heterogeneous agent model populated by married households. Households differ by age and educational attainment levels of their members and decide whether the second earner, the wife, should participate in the labor market. I select parameter values so that the model economy is consistent with the 1980 U.S. economy in terms of income tax structure, wages (skill premium and gender gap), marital sorting (who is married with whom), and female labor force participation. Using counterfactual experiments I find that 20–24 percent of the rise in married female labor force participation is accounted for by the changes in the income tax structure. Changes in wages account for 62–64 percent, and changes in marital sorting account for 14–16 percent of the rise in the participation rate of married women.
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