Fog is a very complex phenomenon, relevant to both atmospheric physics and chemistry, contributing to the atmospheric inputs of both nutrients and pollutants to the environment. Fog occurrence is ...affected by numerous factors. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of terrain on fog occurrence. Namely, we studied in detail how altitude, slope and landform influence the probability of fog occurrence using the generalized additive model. In particular, we investigated how different explanatory variables might modify (deform) the trend and the seasonal component of the probability of fog occurrence. We used long-term records of daily fog occurrence measured in 1981–2017 at 56 professional meteorological stations in Romania, reflecting different environments and geographical areas. The altitude of the sites under review ranged between 13 and 2504 m above sea level, the coverage of localities at different altitudes being highly uneven. Out of the terrain variables considered, the most decisive influence was found to be altitude. We have included information on slope and landform, which refined and bettered the basic model. Our model results indicated a significant decrease in the probability of fog occurrence over the examined period. The behaviour of fog differed according to the altitude, the most profound effects being observed for ground-level fog and fog above flat terrain. The probability of fog occurrence at different altitudes varied mostly in summer and autumn, whereas it was very similar in winter.
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•Effects of terrain on fog incidence at 56 Romanian sites in 1981–2017 analysed by GAM.•Details of decreasing fog trends and seasonality were explored.•Non-linear behaviour for both year-to-year trends and annual seasonality confirmed.•Of variables examined, the altitude showed the most decisive effect on fog occurrence.•Inclusion of slope and landform enhanced the GAM model used.
Fog is influenced by numerous factors, including forests. The aim of our study was to examine in detail the extent to which forests affect fog. We hypothesised that: (i) fog incidence is affected by ...forests, (ii) the forested area in the station's neighbourhood is a factor influencing fog incidence, (iii) the influence on fog differs between coniferous and broad-leaved forests and (iv) the effect of forests on fog occurrence differs with altitude. For this, we used long-term records of fog incidence measured in 1981–2017 at 56 professional meteorological stations in Romania, GIS-derived information on forested areas in the neighbourhood of these stations, and land-use data on the types of these forests. The analyses are based on a semiparametric generalised additive logistic model for the probability of fog occurrence with potentially nonlinear, smooth effects modelled via penalised splines. Our results indicated that forests do affect fog incidence significantly, though their effect is considerably lower than the effect of dominant factors we studied previously, such as seasonality and altitude. It was indicated that forested areas in the neighbourhood of these stations are a factor significantly influencing fog incidence, even when forest is not the dominant land-use factor. In this respect, a radius of 3 km was the most effective when considering the forested area in a circle around the meteorological station. Our model showed that the influence on fog occurrence differs between coniferous and broad-leaved forests, and the effect of forests on fog occurrence is modified by altitude. The hypotheses propounded were confirmed and the hypothesised effects were quantified. Our findings, relevant at least for temperate forests, will enhance further considerations related to fog formation and wet atmospheric deposition. Moreover, our study opens a new challenge for further research of water balance as related to deforestation in catchment areas.
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•Semiparametric GAM analysis of forest effects on fog seasonality presented.•Forests affect fog incidence significantly.•Forested area within a 3 km radius from a station proved to be the most influential.•Influence on fog occurrence differs between coniferous and broad-leaved forests.•Effect of forest on fog occurrence strongly depends on altitude.
Collision Course McCartin, Joseph A
2011, 2011-11-03, 2012-01-15, 2011-09-08
eBook
In August 1981, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) called an illegal strike. The new president, Ronald Reagan, fired the strikers, establishing a reputation for both ...decisiveness and hostility to organized labor. As this book states, the strike was the culmination of two decades of escalating conflict between controllers and the government that stemmed from the high-pressure nature of the job and the controllers' inability to negotiate with their employer over vital issues. PATCO's fall not only ushered in a long period of labor decline; it also served as a harbinger of the campaign against public sector unions that now roils American politics. The book sets the strike within a vivid panorama of the rise of the world's busiest air traffic control system. It begins with an arresting account of the 1960 midair collision over New York that cost 134 lives and exposed the weaknesses of an overburdened system. Through the stories of controllers like Mike Rock and Jack Maher, who were galvanized into action by that disaster and went on to found PATCO, it describes the efforts of those who sought to make the airways safer and fought to win a secure place in the American middle class. It climaxes with the story of Reagan and the controllers, who surprisingly endorsed the Republican on the promise that he would address their grievances. That brief, fateful alliance triggered devastating miscalculations that changed America, forging patterns that still govern the nation's labor politics.
In Euromissile
s, Susan Colbourn tells the story of the height of nuclear
crisis and the remarkable waning of the fear that gripped the
globe. In the Cold War conflict that pitted nuclear
superpowers ...against one another, Europe was the principal
battleground. Washington and Moscow had troops on the ground and
missiles in the fields of their respective allies, the NATO nations
and the states of the Warsaw Pact. Euromissiles-intermediate-range
nuclear weapons to be used exclusively in the regional theater of
war-highlighted how the peoples of Europe were dangerously placed
between hammer and anvil. That made European leaders uncomfortable
and pushed fearful masses into the streets demanding peace in their
time. At the center of the story is NATO. Colbourn highlights the
weakness of the alliance seen by many as the most effective bulwark
against Soviet aggression. Divided among themselves and uncertain
about the depth of US support, the member states were riven by the
missile issue. This strategic crisis was, as much as any summit
meeting between US president Ronald Reagan and Soviet general
secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, the hinge on which the Cold War
turned. Euromissiles is a history of diplomacy and
alliances, social movements and strategy, nuclear weapons and
nagging fears, and politics. To tell that history, Colbourn takes a
long view of the strategic crisis-from the emerging dilemmas of
allied defense in the early 1950s through the aftermath of the INF
Treaty thirty-five years later. The result is a dramatic and
sweeping tale that changes the way we think about the Cold War and
its culmination.
This article explores the links between creative imagination and extraction in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This question has an undeniable memorial dimension, for extraction, as a ...crucial point of entry into Congolese historical consciousness, allows for a multi-perspectivist examination of the way in which the memory of the past has been archived, experienced, and (mis)interpreted. As a key term to understand Congo's geopolitical position since colonial times, extraction offers a rich array of tropes and ideas to assess culture from the DRC and the Congolese diaspora. First, I reflect on the notions of extraction and extractivism; secondly, I analyse how they form the basis of Sammy Baloji's multi-media work in Mémoire (2006) and Mémoire/Kolwezi (2014); then, I turn to La Danse du vilain (2020) and Tram 83 (2014) by Fiston Mwanza Mujila, first to assess how extraction is employed in these novels, then to conduct a reflection on 'necropolitics', and reveal little-known aspects of diamond digging during the Mobutu era. I will also show that Baloji's and Mujila's creative trajectories have been enriched by dialogues with Filip De Boeck, the Belgian social anthropologist and specialist of the DRC.
Albrecht’s work presents a comprehensive account of contemporary Egyptian politics, with a particular focus on the years 2002-2007. The text contains a theoretical dimension that considers the role ...political opposition and the core working mechanisms of state-society relations under authoritarian rule.
Esta pesquisa desejou analisar as narrativas político-jurídicas da primeira Constituição brasileira, de 1891, dos discursos legislativos e da Emenda Constitucional de 1926 à luz do pensamento de Rui ...Barbosa. Viu-se que a Emenda Constitucional de 1926 concedeu um rol considerável de hipóteses de intervenção federal nos Estados. Rui Barbosa era favorável a uma reforma constitucional que regulasse a intervenção do governo federal, ainda que tenha sido um dos artífices da constituição. Rui Barbosa viu-se entre a memória agradável da Monarquia Parlamentar e a realidade abismal da República presidencial.
Fecha de envío / Submission date: 11/02/2021
Fecha de aceptación / Acceptance date: 27/04/2021
Press coverage of the Egyptian revolution, both local and international, made frequent use of the word "inequality" to describe one of the factors that generated discontent. During the current ...transitional phase, two of the themes that are inspiring popular debates and political parties in the making are the questions of social justice and equality. Indeed, one of the puzzling aspects of this malaise about inequality is that the measurement of monetary inequality in the Arab Republic of Egypt by means of household surveys does not seem to match perceptions. The purpose of this study is to begin to elucidate this puzzle and provide a better understanding of income inequality in Egypt in its various dimensions. The authors have done this by first reviewing the literature on inequality in Egypt so as to put the study into context and better understand how inequality and the interest for inequality have evolved over the past 60 years. The authors tried to disentangle the global and spatial dimension of inequality by putting Egypt in its regional and global context and by delving into the complex structure of spatial inequality. This part of the study unveils some interesting features of inequality across areas, regions, and people. The authors reassessed the facts about income inequality by evaluating the quality of Egyptian data and by re-estimating all inequality figures. This analysis is followed by an analysis of inequality perceptions based on values surveys that allows contrasting facts with the perceptions and deriving important leads to the explanation of the facts-perceptions paradox. This report look into inequality into the poorest areas of Egypt to understand the nature of inequality among the poor and how low inequality can coexists with high poverty. By better understanding the nature of inequality, this part of the study provides some initial indications on policies that can be effective for poverty reduction. The report summarizes more in detail the findings of each part of the study.
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