. The vital attribute system of Noble & Slatyer (1980) was used to classify the fire‐prone flora of Brisbane Water National Park (New South Wales, Australia) into plant functional types (PFTs), ...reflecting sensitivity to fire frequency (intervals between fire). A variety of information was used to assess the vital attributes of species in the predominant woodland/open‐forest vegetation within the Park. This was sufficient to allocate 54% of the species to functional types. Ca. 20% of the species belonged to PFTs defined as sensitive to either frequent or infrequent fire (e.g. obligate seeder types). Varied methods, based on the nature and quality of data were used to estimate juvenile periods and life spans among species in these types, however the estimates derived in each case were similar. On this basis, a domain of ‘acceptable’ fire intervals (7 to 30 yr) was derived for the woodland/open‐forest vegetation. Given the overall proportion of species considered, plus congruence between differing methods and sources of data, this domain was relatively robust. A landscape analysis using the domain indicated that the current trend in fire intervals, across the Park, may be adverse to floristic conservation.
The article investigates the judiciary of international criminal law and its development over time. Inspired by the sociological tools of Pierre Bourdieu and building on an original dataset, the ...article analyses the judiciary of three international criminal courts, namely the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Court and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. The focus of the analysis is on how the composition of expertise in the judiciary of these courts reflects the wider power structure in the field of international criminal law as well as temporal developments in this structure. Reflecting and responding to these transformations, the judiciary of international criminal law has been affected by a double decline of positions and prestige and a turn towards practice as the core expertise of the field. However, despite this turn to practice, the accumulation of political expertise continues to structure access to elite positions in the international criminal law judiciary.
This book describes the rise of independent mass media in Russia, from the loosening of censorship under Gorbachev's policy of glasnost to the proliferation of independent newspapers and the rise of ...media barons during the Yeltsin years. The role of the Internet, the impact of the 1998 financial crisis, the succession of Putin, and the effort to reimpose central power over privately controlled media empires mark the end of the first decade of a Russian free press. Throughout the book, there is a focus on the close intermingling of political power and media power, as the propaganda function of the press in fact never disappeared, but rather has been harnessed to multiple and conflicting ideological interests. More than a guide to the volatile Russian media scene and its players, Media and Power in Post-Soviet Russia poses questions of importance and relevance in any functioning democracy.
Preface 1. Word and Deed 2. The Case of Nezavisimaya Gazeta 3. The "Mediatization" of Politics 4. Reconstructing Russia 5. The Internet in Russia 6. The Media System Afterword
Crystallization (dacite) and interaction (dacite-peridotite) experiments have been performed on the 1991 Pinatubo dacite (Luzon Island, Philippines) to constrain its petrogenesis. In the dacite-H2O ...system at 960 MPa, magnetite and either clinopyroxene (low H2O) or amphibole (high H2O) are the liquidus phases. No garnet is observed at this pressure. Dacite- peridotite interaction at 920 MPa produces massive orthopyroxene crystallization, in addition to amphibole + or - phlogopite. Amphibole crystallizing in dacite at 960 MPa has the same composition as the aluminium-rich hornblende preserved in the cores of amphibole phenocrysts in the 1991 dacite, suggesting a high-pressure stage of dacite crystallization with high melt H2O contents (>10 wt %) at relatively low temperature (<950degreesC). The compositions of plagioclase, amphibole and melt inclusion suggest that the Pinatubo dacite was water-rich, oxidized and not much hotter than 900degreesC, when emplaced into the shallow magma reservoir in which most phenocrysts precipitated before the onset of the 1991 eruption. The LREE-enriched REE pattern of the whole-rock dacite demands garnet somewhere during its petrogenesis, which in turn suggests high-pressure derivation. Partial melting of subducted oceanic crust yields melts unlike the Pinatubo dacite. Interaction of these slab melts with sub-arc peridotite is unable to produce a Pinatubo type of dacite, nor is a direct mantle origin conceivable on the basis of our peridotite-dacite interaction experimental results. Dehydration melting of underplated basalts requires unrealistically high temperatures and does not yield dacite with the low FeO/MgO, and high H2O, Ni and Cr contents typical of the Pinatubo dacite. The most plausible origin of the Pinatubo dacite is via high-pressure fractionation of a hydrous, oxidized, primitive basalt that crystallized amphibole and garnet upon cooling. Dacite melts produced in this way were directly expelled from the uppermost mantle or lower crust to shallow-level reservoirs from which they erupted occasionally. Magmas such as the Pinatubo dacite may provide evidence for the existence of particularly H2O-rich conditions in the sub-arc mantle wedge rather than the melting of the young, hot subducting oceanic plate.
Duncan Leitch exposes the unexpected consequences of international aid for post-communist transitions. Examining the efforts to reform relations between Kiev and the regions of Ukraine, Duncan Leitch ...explores how and why fiscal decentralization and regional policy programs initiated by the Ukrainian government and supported by the Western donor community failed to achieve a sustainable outcome. Drawing on concepts from institutional theory, comparative politics, and development studies, Leitch explains the complex interactions between external donors and the domestic recipients of their advice. His findings shed light on the narrow circumstances under which short- term success can be achieved, but also point towards the failings of the donor community to lay the groundwork for lasting reform. A valuable resource for anyone working in the development sector in Eastern Europe or beyond, this book provides a new outlook on the political realities of the reform process, the relevance of international advice, and the domestic pressures leading to the Maidan uprising of 2013.
Canadian inflation targeting Beaudry, Paul; Ruge-Murcia, Francisco
The Canadian journal of economics,
December / Décembre 2017, Letnik:
50, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper examines the intellectual environment in Canada that led to the adoption of inflation targets starting in 1991, reviews some of the Canadian contributions to the vast literature on ...inflation targeting and presents evidence in support of the view that the implementation of inflation targeting in Canada has been particularly successful when compared with the experiences of other inflation-targeting countries and the US. Ce texte examine le contexte intellectuel au Canada qui a mené à l'adoption de cibles d'inflation à partir de 1991, passe en revue les contributions canadiennes à la vaste littérature sur le ciblage de l'inflation, et présente des résultats qui montrent que la mise en oeuvre du ciblage de l'inflation au Canada a été particulièrement réussie quand on compare l'expérience du Canada à celle d'autres pays qui ont utilisé d'autres formes de ciblage de l'inflation, et aux États-Unis.
The Special Tribunal for Lebanon ('STL') Trial Judgment in the Ayyash case contained some important comments that emphasised a decoupling of two sets of objectives in international criminal justice: ...individual criminal accountability and collective truth-telling. This article applauds these important comments as a welcome development in international criminal law. This article seeks to contextualise these important comments in the STL Trial Judgment within decades of international criminal jurisprudence regarding the place of historical truth-telling as a function of international criminal proceedings.
This article will examine how international criminal justice evolved to promote the idea that truth-telling is one of the main objectives of international criminal trials. The article will then examine international criminal jurisprudence regarding balancing the objectives of truth-telling and individualised criminal accountability in international criminal proceedings and how these objectives have evolved over time. The article will also critically evaluate the normative claim regarding the lofty promises of truth-telling as an important tool for the realisation of peace and reconciliation in the context of international criminal proceedings. Against this background, the article will examine the noteworthy comments of the STL that decisively decouple the objectives of truth-telling from individualised criminal accountability in international criminal law.
This article argues that while international criminal courts can certainly contribute to a range of transitional justice processes, international criminal justice alone cannot be regarded as the panacea, and the primary focus of an international court or tribunal must be the administration of individual criminal accountability.
In 2008, India will likely overtake China as the world s fastest growing economy and become one of the largest economies globally. Foreign investment is increasing dramatically and business ...opportunities abound for those who know how to find them. With a growing middle class and booming markets, India holds much promise for investors.
