The earthquake of Chimbote occurred on February 21, 1996 in the northern region of Peru. Despite its relatively small magnitude, it generated a tsunami of 2–3 m height in Chimbote, taking the lives ...of 12 people. We conducted the signal processing of 31 broadband teleseismic stations, and waveform inversion to obtain the slip distribution and source time function, which indicated a multiple rupture process. The rupture process had a duration of 70 s, a rather high value for a relatively small earthquake. The calculated scalar seismic moment was 2.19×1020 Nm, corresponding to a moment magnitude of Mw 7.5. The slip distribution was heterogeneous, with a maximum slip of 8.9 m around the main asperity concentrated in an area of 30×30km2, for an constrained rigidity of 1.46×1010N/m2. We also calculated the vertical coseismic deformation for 45 subfaults, which was used as an initial condition for the tsunami propagation modelling. Simulated tsunami waveforms were calculated for Salaverry (Hmax=0.81 m), Santa (Hmax=4.62 m) and Chimbote (Hmax=2.67 m) tidal stations.
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•The duration of the seismic rupture of the 1996 Chimbote tsunami-earthquake (Mw 7.5) was 70 s and the rupture velocity was 1.6 km/s.•To obtain the slip distribution of the 1996 Chimbote-Peru earthquake, the teleseismic waveform inversion method was used.•The deformation pattern was calculated to simulate the tsunami propagation. The tsunami waveforms were obtained in seven tidal stations located in Peruvian coast.
The speed with which disease outbreaks are recognized is critical for establishing effective control efforts. We evaluate global improvements in the timeliness of outbreak discovery and communication ...during 2010-2014 as a follow-up to a 2010 report. For all outbreaks reported by the World Health Organization's Disease Outbreak News, we estimate the number of days from first symptoms until outbreak discovery and until first public communication. We report median discovery and communication delays overall, by region, and by Human Development Index (HDI) quartile. We use Cox proportional hazards regression to assess changes in these 2 outcomes over time, along with Loess curves for visualization. Improvement since 1996 was greatest in the Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific regions and in countries in the middle HDI quartiles. However, little progress has occurred since 2010. Further improvements in surveillance will likely require additional international collaboration with a focus on regions of low or unstable HDI.
Este artículo analiza la tensión en el sistema de fuentes en materia de responsabilidad parental en la UE a partir de la valoración de un elenco de supuestos conocidos recientemente por el TJUE. El ...primero de ellos relativo al traslado lícito del menor y los otros dos referentes a un traslado ilícito – y de los que uno se encuentra aún pendiente de resolución-. Estos tres supuestos comparten el hecho de que el menor es trasladado, bien lícita bien ilícitamente, a un Estado tercero a la Unión que, sin embargo, es parte del Convenio de La Haya de 1996. Dentro de la rica y diversa práctica del Tribunal de Luxemburgo en la materia, estos supuestos destacan por abordar una dimensión extraUE no siempre suficientemente estudiada y que, no obstante, como la jurisprudencia apuntada refleja, cuentan con una creciente habitualidad, y dificultad.
This article analyses the tension in the EU system of sources of parental responsibility based on the assessment of a list of cases recently known by the CJEU. The first of them related to a lawful relocation of the child, and the other two related to a wrongful retention. Those three situations share the fact that the child is removed, either lawfully or unlawfully, to a third country to the EU, which is a party to the 1996 Hague Convention. Within the rich and diverse practice of the Court of Luxembourg in the matter, these cases stand out for addressing a non-EU dimension not always sufficiently studied and that, however, as the caselaw of study reflects, have an increasing regularity, and difficulty.
Benchmark indexes have become important in financial markets for portfolio investment. In this paper, we study how international equity and bond market indexes impact asset allocations, capital ...flows, asset prices, and exchange rates across countries. We use unique monthly micro-level data of benchmark compositions and mutual fund investments during 1996–2014. We find that movements in benchmarks appear to have important effects on equity and bond mutual fund portfolio allocations, including passive and active funds. The effects persist after controlling for time-varying industry-level factors, country-specific effects, and macroeconomic fundamentals. Changes in benchmarks not only impact asset allocations, but also capital flows, abnormal returns in aggregate stock and bond prices, and exchange rates. These systemic effects occur not just when benchmark changes are announced, but also later, when they become effective. By impacting country allocations, benchmarks explain apparently counterintuitive movements in capital flows and asset prices, as well as contagion effects.
•We study how benchmark indexes affect equity and bond mutual fund portfolio allocations across countries•Benchmark indexes impact both passive and active mutual fund portfolios•By affecting portfolios, benchmarks also impact capital flows, asset prices, and exchange rates across countries•Systemic effects occur not just when benchmark changes are announced, but also later, when they become effective•Benchmarks explain apparently counter intuitive movements in capital flows and asset prices, as well as contagion effects
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) genotype IA was most common among strains tested in US outbreak investigations and surveillance during 1996-2015. However, HAV genotype IB gained prominence during 2016-2019 ...person-to-person multistate outbreaks. Detection of previously uncommon strains highlights the changing molecular epidemiology of HAV infection in the United States.
The proportion of US food that is imported is increasing; most seafood and half of fruits are imported. We identified a small but increasing number of foodborne disease outbreaks associated with ...imported foods, most commonly fish and produce. New outbreak investigation tools and federal regulatory authority are key to maintaining food safety.
Seismic wave shaking‐induced permeability enhancement in the shallow crust has been widely observed. Permeability decrease, however, is seldom reported. In this study, we document coseismic discharge ...and temperature decrease in a hot spring following the 1996 Lijiang Mw 7.0 and the 2004 Mw 9.0 earthquakes in the Balazhang geothermal field. We use three different models to constrain the permeability change and the mechanism of coseismic discharge decrease, and we use an end‐member mixing model for the coseismic temperature change. Our results show that the earthquake‐induced permeability decrease in the fault zone reduced the recharge from deep hot water, which may be the mechanism that explains the coseismic discharge and temperature responses. The changes in the hot spring response reflect the dynamic changes in the hydrothermal system; in the future, the earthquake‐induced permeability decrease should be considered when discussing controls on permeability.
Key Points
Coseismic discharge and temperature decrease following two large earthquakes in Balazhang #1 hot spring are documented
We used three different permeability models and a two end‐member mixing model to constrain the mechanism of the coseismic responses
Earthquake‐induced fault zone permeability decrease that reduce the recharge of deep hot water is the mechanism
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