Museums have an important task when it comes to the subject of Judaism. Prejudices, stereotypical thinking, and sheer ignorance are widespread. What is the best way to present Jewish diversity today? ...The author examines how Jewish museums and education projects are facing up to this challenge and the role played by the culture of remembrance in this process, focusing on museums in Basel, Hohenems, Gailingen, and Bouxwiller.
InChinese Economic Statecraft, William J. Norris introduces an innovative theory that pinpoints how states employ economic tools of national power to pursue their strategic objectives. Norris shows ...what Chinese economic statecraft is, how it works, and why it is more or less effective. Norris provides an accessible tool kit to help us better understand important economic developments in the People's Republic of China. He links domestic Chinese political economy with the international ramifications of China's economic power as a tool for realizing China's strategic foreign policy interests. He presents a novel approach to studying economic statecraft that calls attention to the central challenge of how the state is (or is not) able to control and direct the behavior of economic actors.
Norris identifies key causes of Chinese state control through tightly structured, substate and crossnational comparisons of business-government relations. These cases range across three important arenas of China's grand strategy that prominently feature a strategic role for economics: China's efforts to secure access to vital raw materials located abroad, Mainland relations toward Taiwan, and China's sovereign wealth funds. Norris spent more than two years conducting field research in China and Taiwan during which he interviewed current and former government officials, academics, bankers, journalists, advisors, lawyers, and businesspeople. The ideas in this book are applicable beyond China and help us to understand how states exercise international economic power in the twenty-first century.
Hou proposes to end the dichotomous view of the state and the market, and capitalism and communism, by examining the local institutional innovation in three villages in China and presents community ...capitalism as an alternative to the neoliberal model of development. Community is both the unit of redistribution and the entity that mobilizes resources to compete in the market; collectivism creates the boundary that sets the community apart from the outside and justifies and sustains the model. Community capitalism differs from Mao-era collectivism, when individual interests were buried in the name of collective interests and market competition was not a concern. This book demonstrates the embeddedness of the market in community, showing how social relations, group solidarity, power, honor, and other values play an important role in these villages' social and economic organization.
Günter Grass has primarily been perceived by research and the public as an author. But he was also an influential political actor. His political work was not just limited to the Brandt era but also ...helped to define the Berlin Republic. By harnessing his communicative power, he shaped public discourses as an intellectual and advised top politicians, as unpublished sources and background conversations show.
Habitat loss is a key driver of biodiversity loss. However, hardly any long-term time series analyses of habitat loss are available above the local scale for finer-level habitat categories. We ...analysed, from a long-term perspective, the habitat specificity of habitat-area loss, the change in trends in habitat loss since 1989 (dissolution of the communist state), and the impact of protected areas on habitat loss in Hungary. We studied 20 seminatural habitat types in 5000 randomly selected localities over 7 periods from 1783 to 2013 based on historical maps, archival and recent aerial photos and satellite imagery, botanical descriptions, and field data. We developed a method for estimating habitat types based on information transfer between historical sources (i.e., information from a source was used to interpret or enrich information from another source). Trends in habitat loss over time were habitat specific. We identified 7 types of habitat loss over time regarding functional form: linear, exponential, linear and exponential, delayed, minimum, maximum, and disappearance. Most habitats had continuous loss from period to period. After 1986 the average annual rates of habitat loss increased, but the trend reversed after 2002. Nature conservation measures significantly affected habitat loss; net loss was halted, albeit only inside protected areas. When calculating the degree of endangerment based on short-term data (52 years), we classified only 1 habitat as critically endangered, but based on long-term data (230 years), this increased to 7 (including habitat that no longer existed). Hungary will probably reach the global Convention on Biological Diversity Target 5 but will probably not achieve the EU Biodiversity Strategy target of halting habitat loss by 2020. Long-term trend data were highly useful when we examined recent habitat-loss data in a wider context. Our method could be applied effectively in other countries to augment shorter-term data sets on trends in habitat area. La pérdida de hábitats es un conductor importante de la pérdida de la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, difícilmente está disponible una serie de análisis a largo plazo por encima de la escala local para categorías de hábitat de un nivel más fino. Analizamos, desde una perspectiva de largo plazo, la especificidad del hábitat en la pérdida del área de hábitats, el cambio en las tendencias de pérdida de hábitats desde 1989 (disolución del estado comunista), y el impacto de las áreas protegidas sobre la pérdida de hábitat en Hungría. Estudiamos 20 tipos de hábitats seminaturales en 5000 localidades seleccionadas al azar a lo largo de siete periodos desde 1783 hasta 2013 con base en mapas históricos, fotografías aéreas recientes y de archivos e imágenes de satélites, descripciones botánicas, y datos de campo. Desarrollamos un método para estimar los tipos de hábitats basado en la transferencia de información entre las fuentes históricas (es decir, se usó información a partir de una fuente para interpretar o enriquecer la información proveniente de otra fuente). Las tendencias en la pérdida de hábitats fueron específicas por hábitat. Identificamos siete tipos de pérdida de hábitats a través del tiempo con respecto a la forma funcional: lineal, exponencial, lineal y exponencial, retrasada, mínima, máxima, y desaparición. La mayoría de los hábitats tuvieron una pérdida continua de un periodo o a otro. Después de 1986, las tasas anuales promedio de la pérdida de hábitats incrementaron, pero la tendencia se revirtió después del 2002. Las medidas de conservación de la naturaleza afectaron considerablemente a la pérdida de hábitats; se detuvo la pérdida neta, no obstante sólo fue dentro de las áreas protegidas. Cuando calculamos el grado de peligro basado en información de corto plazo (52 años), solamente clasificamos a un hábitat como en peligro crítico, pero con base en la información de largo plazo (230 años), esta clasificación incrementó a siete hábitats (incluyendo a un hábitat que ya no existía). Hungría probablemente alcanzará el Objetivo 5 global de la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica pero probablemente no sea el caso para el objetivo de detener la pérdida de hábitats para el 2020 impuesto por la Estrategia de Biodiversidad de la UE. La información de largo plazo sobre las tendencias fue muy útil cuando se examinaron datos recientes de pérdida de hábitats en un contexto más amplio. Nuestro método podría aplicarse efectivamente en otros países para aumentar los conjuntos de datos de corto plazo sobre las tendencias en áreas de hábitat. 生境丧失是生物多样性丧失的ー个关键驱动力。然而，目前几乎没有对局部尺度、高精度生境分类下的 生境丧失的长期时序分析。我们从长期的视角分析了匈牙利生境面积减少的生境特异性、自 1989年以来生境 丧失的变化趋势以及保护地对生境丧失的作用。我们利用历史地图、档案ヽ近期的航片及卫星影像、植物记录 和野外数据，在 5000 个随机选择的地区,研究了 20 个半自然生境类型从 1783 年到 2013 年的 7 个时间段内 的变化。我们建立了一个基于历史来源之间信息传递(即ー个来源的信息用于解释或完善另ー个来源的信息) 的方法来估计生境类型。生境丧失随时间发展的变化趋势有生境特异性。我们根据函数类型分出7 类随时间 发生的生境丧失: 线性、指数型、线性及指数型、延迟型、最小型、最大型以及生境消失。大部分生境都随着 时间流转持续地丧失。在 1986 年之后, 生境丧失的平均年变化率増加, 而这个趋势在 2002 年后有所逆转。自 然保护措施有效遏制了生境丧失，使净减少停止’ 尽管这一影响仅在保护地之内。当根据短期数据(52 年)计算 瀕危程度时, 只有一个生境被评为极度瀕危, 但根据长期数据(230 年) 评估’极度瀕危的生境増加到了 7 个（包 括已经不存在的生境) 。匈牙利很可能完成全球《生物多祥性公约》的第五个目标, 但可能难以达到〈〈欧盟生物 多样性战略》在 2020 年前遏止生境丧失的目标。长期变化趋势可用于在更大的背景下检验近期生境丧失的数 据。我们的方法可以有效应用于其它国家, 来补充生境面积变化的短期数据。
Few observers are unimpressed by the economic ambition of China or by the nation's remarkable rate of growth. But what does the future hold? This meticulously researched book closely examines the ...strengths and weaknesses of the Chinese economic system to discover where the nation may be headed and what the Chinese experience reveals about emerging market economies. The authors find that contrary to popular belief, cutting edge innovation is not a prerequisite for sustained economic vitality-and that China is a perfect case in point.
Abstract
The diffusion of knowledge is an important determinant of economic development. International trade has been established as a key mechanism in facilitating diffusion. The rise of global ...value chains (GVCs) has transformed trade in recent years. Yet the role of GVCs in giving rise to knowledge spillovers remains under-explored. In this paper, we study the elasticity of industry-level total factor productivity (TFP) to technology that is imported through intermediate trade in GVCs. To do so, we combine novel input–output decomposition methods with recent insights from the literature on the factor content of trade. We focus on a panel of 32 countries and 39 sectors over the 2000–2014 period using WIOD and OECD data. We find that domestic TFP is elastic to knowledge flows arising from GVCs and that the magnitude of this effect is larger relative to all other knowledge flows. We also find that GVC participation is particularly conducive to technology upgrading in countries that are far away from the technology frontier, and that GVC-related spillovers persist over large geographical distances.
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