We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of observational studies investigating adherence to the 2007 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research ...(WCRF/AICR) lifestyle recommendations for cancer prevention and health outcomes.
We searched PubMed and the in-house database of the WCRF Continuous Update Project for publications up to June 2019. Cross-sectional studies were only narratively reviewed given their heterogeneity while findings of cohort/case-control studies were synthesized in umbrella reviews and meta-analyses. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using a random-effects model when at least two studies reported results on a specific outcome.
Thirty-eight articles (17 prospective, 8 case-control, and 13 cross-sectional studies) were included. The summary RR per each point increment in the 2007 WCRF/AICR score was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.87–0.93, n = 11) for breast cancer, regardless of hormone receptor and menopausal status, 0.86 (95% CI: 0.82–0.89, n = 10) for colorectal cancer, and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89–0.96, n = 2) for lung cancer risk. No statistically significant associations were reported for prostate (n = 6) and pancreatic cancers (n = 2). Adherence to the recommendations was associated with lower overall mortality (RR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.84–0.96, n = 3) and cancer-specific mortality (RR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.89–0.92; n = 3) in healthy populations, as well as with higher survival in cancer patients (n = 2). In cross-sectional studies, a healthier plasma marker profile and lower cancer risk factors in the general population and a better health status and quality of life in cancer patients/survivors were reported.
Adhering to the 2007 WCRF/AICR recommendations is associated with lower risks of cancer incidence, namely breast and colorectal cancers, and mortality. Primary prevention of cancer should emphasize modification of multiple lifestyle factors. Upcoming studies examining the recently updated 2018 guidelines will further clarify such associations.
•Following the 2007 WCRF/AICR recommendations is associated with lower risk of breast and colorectal cancer and mortality.•Overall, primary prevention of cancer should emphasize modification of multiple diet and lifestyle factors.•Upcoming studies examining the recently updated 2018 guidelines will further clarify such associations.
Objective:
The aim of this project was to detail the costs associated with the high prevalence mental disorders (depression, anxiety-related and substance use) in Australia, using community-based, ...nationally representative survey data.
Methods:
Respondents diagnosed, within the preceding 12 months, with high prevalence mental disorders using the Confidentialised Unit Record Files of the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing were analysed. The use of healthcare resources (hospitalisations, consultations and medications), productivity loss, income tax loss and welfare benefits were estimated. Unit costs of healthcare services were obtained from the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority, Medicare and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Labour participation rates and unemployment rates were determined from the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Daily wage rates adjusted by age and sex were obtained from Australian Bureau of Statistics and used to estimate productivity losses. Income tax loss was estimated based on the Australian Taxation Office rates. The average cost of commonly received Government welfare benefits adjusted by age was used to estimate welfare payments. All estimates were expressed in 2013–2014 AUD and presented from multiple perspectives including public sector, individuals, private insurers, health sector and societal.
Results:
The average annual treatment cost for people seeking treatment was AUD660 (public), AUD195 (individual), AUD1058 (private) and AUD845 from the health sector’s perspective. The total annual healthcare cost was estimated at AUD974m, consisting of AUD700m to the public sector, AUD168m to individuals, and AUD107m to the private sector. The total annual productivity loss attributed to the population with high prevalence mental disorders was estimated at AUD11.8b, coupled with the yearly income tax loss at AUD1.23b and welfare payments at AUD12.9b.
Conclusion:
The population with high prevalence mental disorders not only incurs substantial cost to the Australian healthcare system but also large economic losses to society.
The expression of an Islamic political radicalism in Britain has been one of the most dramatic developments in recent decades. Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics explores the nature of ...this phenomenon by analysing the origins of Islam and its historical contact with Western Europe and Britain, and the emergence of Islamic political radicalism in the Muslim world and in the West.
Tahir Abbas draws on historical analysis and contemporary case studies to explore the post-war immigration and integration of Muslim groups, the complex relations that exist between a secular liberal Britain and a diverse but multifaceted Islam, and the extent of social and economic inequalities that affect Muslims as individual citizens and in local area communities. He shows how violent extremism among British Muslims is in reality influenced by a range of issues, including the factors of globalisation and contemporary politics, media and culture. Analysing and dissecting public policy, Abbas offers suggestions for tackling the major social, political and economic questions facing British Muslims in the post-7/7 era.
An important contribution to the study of religion, 'race' and ethnicity in modern Britain, this accessible work will be of interest to anyone working in the field of Islamic studies, sociology and political radicalism.
Cover design by Mahtab Hussain, www.mahtabhussain.com
China has defied the declining trend in domestic content in exports in many countries. This paper studies China's rising domestic content in exports using firm- and customs transaction-level data. ...The approach embraces firm heterogeneity and hence reduces aggregation bias. The study finds that the substitution of domestic for imported materials by individual processing exporters caused China's domestic content in exports to increase from 65 to 70 percent in the period 2000-2007. Such substitution was induced by the country's trade and investment liberalization, which deepened its engagement in global value chains and led to a greater variety of domestic materials becoming available at lower prices.
Using the simulated returns of long/short equity portfolios based on five valuation factors, we find evidence that the “Quant Meltdown” of August 2007 began in July and continued until the end of ...2007. We simulate a high-frequency marketmaking strategy, which exhibited significant losses during the week of August 6, 2007, but was profitable before and after, suggesting that the dislocation was due to market-wide deleveraging and a sudden withdrawal of marketmaking risk capital starting August 8. We identify two unwinds – one on August 1 starting at 10:45am and ending at 11:30am, and a second at the open on August 6, ending at 1:00pm – that began with stocks in the financial sector, long book-to-market, and short earnings momentum.
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el entramado institucional de la reforma contable española de 2007. Adoptando como marco teórico la teoría institucional, hemos identificado los grupos de ...presión que han tenido un peso significativo en el proceso de reforma y las implicaciones directas de su influencia sobre el Libro Blanco de 2002 y sobre el Plan General Contable de 2007. Para realizar el análisis, siguiendo el concepto de isomorfismo de DiMaggio y Powell, hemos clasificado los distintos grupos de interés en función de su capacidad para influir en el proceso. La evidencia empírica que soporta nuestra investigación se obtuvo a partir de las entrevistas realizadas a varios participantes en el proceso. Esta información se complementó con el análisis de documentos oficiales y de las opiniones publicadas en prensa y en revistas especializadas por distintos actores del proceso o personas afectadas por el mismo. Nuestras conclusiones sugieren el dominio del isomorfismo coercitivo en la reforma, a nivel tanto nacional (el papel del ejecutivo, a través del Instituto de Contabilidad y Auditoría de Cuentas) como supranacional (fundamentalmente de la Comisión Europea). También observamos la influencia de otros reguladores, como la Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores y el Banco de España, que, con su experiencia en sus ámbitos de actuación, desempeñaron un papel de «líderes» en el proceso en un ejemplo de isomorfismo mimético. Apreciamos además la influencia de presiones normativas con la participación de distintos grupos de expertos (e.g., académicos). Por último, es importante destacar el carácter cambiante y dinámico de dichas influencias a lo largo del proceso de reforma contable.
The aim of this study is to analyze the institutional framework of the reform of the Spanish accounting standards in 2007. Using the insights of the institutional theory, we identify the interest groups that had a significant influence in the process and the consequences of such influences on the White Book of 2002 and on the 2007 Spanish GAAP. Following DiMaggio and Powell, we use the concept of isomorphism to identify the pressures that different interest groups exert on the accounting reform. We collect empirical evidence from different sources, including interviews to key participants in the process, official documents and opinions published in the press and specialized journals. Our analysis suggests that coercive pressures dominated the process, both at a national level (the role of the government through the Instituto de Contabilidad y Auditoría de Cuentas, the Spanish accounting regulator) and at a supranational level (the European Commission). We also find evidence of the influence of other regulators such as the stock market regulator (Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores) and the Spanish Central Bank (Banco de España). Their influence is an example of mimetic isomorphism: these regulators took the lead of the accounting reforms in their range of influence (listed companies and financial institutions, respectively). Different groups of experts (e.g., academics) also influenced the process through normative isomorphism. Finally, we highlight the dynamic and changing nature of such influences.
We study the effect of hearing cases alongside female judicial colleagues on the probability that a federal judge hires a female law clerk. Federal judges are assigned to judicial panels at random ...and have few limitations on their choices of clerks. Using a unique dataset of federal case records merged with judicial hiring information, we find a significant effect of the fraction of copanelists who are female on a male judge’s likelihood of hiring a female clerk. This finding suggests that increases in the diversity of the upper rungs of a profession can create opportunities at the entry level.
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