En el presente trabajo, se registra por primera vez floraciones algales nocivas del dinoflagelado Blixaea quinquecornis (Abé) Gottschling, 2017 para aguas costeras del mar peruano. La determinación ...taxonómica de esta especie se realizó mediante microscopia de luz, electrónica de barrido y contraste interferencial diferencial (DIC). La fórmula tecal encontrada fue: pp, 3’, 2a, 7’’,5c, 5”’ y 2’’’ 4s. Blixaea quinquecornis fue registrada en las bahías Sechura, Miraflores y Paracas entre el 2014 y 2017, usualmente con altas densidades de 3.2 x105 cel.L-1 (Miraflores) y 2.11x105 cel.L-1 (Paracas) en verano y 4.11 x104 (Paracas) en otoño 2016. Blixaea quinquecornis estuvo alternando con floraciones algales del dinoflagelado atecado Akashiwo sanguinea. El florecimiento de B. quinquecornis se observó con TSM entre 18.5 a 26.6 °C, salinidades entre 34.70 y 35.32 ups, pH entre 7.32 y 8.82 y oxígeno disuelto entre 3.8 y 12.5 mL/L. En Bahía Miraflores, la floración de B. quinquecornis fue asociado positivamente con el incremento de la TSM, salinidad y negativamente con la concentración de nitratos, mientras que las floraciones algales de A. sanguinea se correlacionó positivamente con la concentración de fosfatos y oxígeno disuelto. El registro de la floración de B. quinquecornis en las bahías de Miraflores y Paracas, coincidió con eventos de inusual calentamiento del mar asociado con el evento cálido El Niño 2015-2016
In January 2016, as a measure of energy price reform, the government of Saudi Arabia implemented a 50 per cent nationwide increase in gasoline prices of both higher (octane 95) and lower (octane 91) ...grades. We utilised more than 1800 responses from a nationwide survey designed to study gasoline consumption preferences among residents of Saudi Arabia to investigate the impact of this price reform. Our analysis shows that the January 2016 price hike was responsible for more than 20 per cent drop, on average, in gasoline consumption among residents of the country who used the lower grade, octane 91‐type gasoline. However, users of octane 95 surveyed in the post‐price‐adjustment period consumed 15 per cent more gasoline than those who were surveyed in the pre‐adjustment period. Moreover, the estimated demand elasticity decreases with the level of education, while income level tends to be positively associated with higher consumption in the higher‐price period than in the lower‐price period.
A spatial price equilibrium model with a large coverage of countries, policies and regional trade arrangements is applied to simulate preferential sugar imports of the European Union (EU) in 2015/16 ...under different assumptions with respect to the expansion of the sugar sectors of various least developed countries in order to benefit from unlimited EU market access. These are analysed under three different policy settings: a continuation of current policies, except for export refunds which are phased out by 2013, a continuation of current policies including export refunds and finally a World Trade Organisation agreement. Preferential imports are estimated to clearly exceed current estimates by the European Commission. In all scenarios, however, they are not found to threaten the reference price of the new Common Market Organisation.
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