In addition to symptom relief, the crucial objective of reduction mammoplasty is to achieve a stable and esthetically pleasing postoperative breast shape. However, the morphological changes in ...breasts following reduction mammoplasty have not been comprehensively understood. In this study, we applied three-dimensional (3D) scanning technology for long-term follow-up monitoring of breast morphological changes to discern their changing trends. Our goal was to provide a reliable basis for assessing postoperative effects and determining follow-up time points.
This prospective study included patients undergoing vertical-scar reduction mammoplasty. We utilized a combination of linear measurements and 3D scanning to measure various parameters, including breast volume, breast volume distribution, nipple position, and scar length at various time points: pre-surgery, immediately post-surgery, 3-month postoperative, 6-month postoperative, and 1-year postoperative.
A total of 115 patients were enrolled in this study. Throughout the initial 3 months of postoperative follow-up, there was a gradual reduction in breast volume, which tended to stabilize from 3 to 12 months. The nipple position showed a gradual shift both laterally, inferiorly, and posteriorly. The volume of the lower and lateral part of the breast increased gradually. Notably, at 1 year after surgery, the scar length was approximately 6.3% shorter compared to the immediate postoperative measurement.
Our 3D analysis unveiled comprehensive changes in breast morphology: The overall breast volume shifted laterally and inferiorly, the nipple position moved laterally, inferiorly, and posteriorly, and there was a significant reduction in scar length. Concurrently, breast volume exhibited a gradual decrease and stabilization after 3 months, establishing it as a suitable follow-up point for assessing postoperative results. Additionally, surgical plans can be formulated based on the overall trend of changes in breast volume and distribution, combined with methods such as three-dimensional scanning, to enhance surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction.
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Three-dimensional (3D) scanning technologies, such as medical imaging and surface scanning, have important applications for capturing patient anatomy to create personalised prosthetics. Digital ...approaches for capturing anatomical detail as opposed to traditional, invasive impression techniques significantly reduces turnaround times and lower production costs while still maintaining the high aesthetic quality of the end product. While previous case studies utilise expensive 3D scanning and modelling frameworks, their clinical translation is limited due to high equipment costs. In this study, we develop and validate a low-cost framework for clinical 3D scanning of the external ear using photogrammetry and a smartphone camera. We recruited five novice operators who watched an instructional video before scanning 20 healthy adult participant ears who did not have microtia.
Our results show that the smartphone-based photogrammetry methodology produces 3D scans of the external ear that were accurate to (1.5 ± 0.4) mm and were (71 ± 14) % complete compared with those from a gold standard reference scanner, with no significant difference observed between operators. A moderate to strong interrater reliability was determined for all novice operators, suggesting that all novice operators were able to capture repeatable scans. The development of this smartphone photogrammetry approach has the potential to provide a non-invasive, inexpensive and accessible means to capture patient morphology for use in clinical assessment and personalised device manufacture, specifically for ear prostheses. We also demonstrate that inexperienced operators can rapidly learn and apply smartphone photogrammetry for accurate and reliable scans of the external ear with important applications for future clinical translation.
A 3D printing methodology for the design, optimization, and fabrication of a custom nerve repair technology for the regeneration of complex peripheral nerve injuries containing bifurcating sensory ...and motor nerve pathways is introduced. The custom scaffolds are deterministically fabricated via a microextrusion printing principle using 3D models, which are reverse engineered from patient anatomies by 3D scanning. The bifurcating pathways are augmented with 3D printed biomimetic physical cues (microgrooves) and path‐specific biochemical cues (spatially controlled multicomponent gradients). In vitro studies reveal that 3D printed physical and biochemical cues provide axonal guidance and chemotractant/chemokinetic functionality. In vivo studies examining the regeneration of bifurcated injuries across a 10 mm complex nerve gap in rats showed that the 3D printed scaffolds achieved successful regeneration of complex nerve injuries, resulting in enhanced functional return of the regenerated nerve. This approach suggests the potential of 3D printing toward advancing tissue regeneration in terms of: (1) the customization of scaffold geometries to match inherent tissue anatomies; (2) the integration of biomanufacturing approaches with computational modeling for design, analysis, and optimization; and (3) the enhancement of device properties with spatially controlled physical and biochemical functionalities, all enabled by the same 3D printing process.
An imaging‐coupled 3D printing methodology for the design, optimization, and fabrication of a customized nerve repair technology for complex injuries is presented. The custom scaffolds are deterministically fabricated via microextrusion printing, which enables the simultaneous incorporation of anatomical geometries, biomimetic physical cues, and spatially‐controlled biochemical gradients in a one‐pot 3D manufacturing approach.
Excess adiposity in children is strongly correlated with obesity-related metabolic disease in adulthood, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and 13 types of cancer. Despite the many long-term ...health risks of childhood obesity, body mass index (BMI) Z-score is typically the only adiposity marker used in pediatric studies and clinical applications. The effects of regional adiposity are not captured in a single scalar measurement, and their effects on short- and long-term metabolic health are largely unknown. However, clinicians and researchers rarely deploy gold-standard methods for measuring compartmental fat such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) on children and adolescents due to cost or radiation concerns. Three-dimensional optical (3DO) scans are relatively inexpensive to obtain and use non-invasive and radiation-free imaging techniques to capture the external surface geometry of a patient's body. This 3D shape contains cues about the body composition that can be learned from a structured correlation between 3D body shape parameters and reference DXA scans obtained on a sample population.
This study seeks to introduce a radiation-free, automated 3D optical imaging solution for monitoring body shape and composition in children aged 5–17.
We introduce an automated, linear learning method to predict total and regional body composition of children aged 5–17 from 3DO scans. We collected 145 male and 206 female 3DO scans on children between the ages of 5 and 17 with three scanners from independent manufacturers. We used an automated shape templating method first introduced on an adult population to fit a topologically consistent 60,000 vertex (60 k) mesh to 3DO scans of arbitrary scanning source and mesh topology. We constructed a parameterized body shape space using principal component analysis (PCA) and estimated a regression matrix between the shape parameters and their associated DXA measurements. We automatically fit scans of 30 male and 38 female participants from a held-out test set and predicted 12 body composition measurements.
The coefficient of determination (R2) between 3DO predicted body composition and DXA measurements was at least 0.85 for all measurements with the exception of visceral fat on 3D scan predictions. Precision error was 1–4 times larger than that of DXA. No predicted variable was significantly different from DXA measurement except for male trunk lean mass.
Optical imaging can quickly, safely, and inexpensively estimate regional body composition in children aged 5–17. Frequent repeat measurements can be taken to chart changes in body adiposity over time without risk of radiation overexposure.
PURPOSEThe purpose of this study was to explore healthcare professionals' (HCPs) perceptions and experiences related to 3D scanning and 3D printing for fabricating lower limb prosthetic sockets. ...MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study used a qualitative descriptive approach. Participants were recruited through HCPs' professional associations, social media posts, and snowball sampling. Purposive sampling was used to attain variation in provider type. One-on-one telephone interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Inductive thematic analysis was performed to identify the main themes. RESULTSThree themes were identified: (1) 3D scanning of the residual limb for designing prosthetic sockets is perceived as clean, quick, and convenient; (2) concerns about the strength and safety of 3D printed sockets for long-term use; (3) Adoption of 3D scanning and 3D printing technology for fabricating prosthetic sockets. CONCLUSIONWe identified perceived benefits and challenges with digital technologies for fabricating prosthetic sockets. To increase adoption, more research demonstrating its efficacy compared to conventional methods, increasing 3D printing material quality, and improving software training programs are needed.Implications for Rehabilitation3D printing and 3D scanning are emerging digital technologies that can be used as alternative methods for prosthetic socket manufacturing in the field of rehabilitation.Our research identified perceived benefits of using digital technologies for fabricating prosthetics sockets (3D scanning is perceived as clean, quick, and convenient) and perceived challenges (concerns about the strength and safety of 3D printed sockets for long-term use and a prolonged learning curve).To increase adoption of these digital technologies, more training should be provided to prosthetists and support provided to integrate new processes into staff workloads.
•Mid-range 3D scanner demonstrates effectiveness in assessing geometric conformity.•Feasibility of mid-to-low range 3D scanners for dimensional inspections of complex geometries highlighted.•Study ...highlights importance of considering feature size and scan quality for accurate interpretation, especially for small-scale details.
In this article, our aim is to underscore the importance of verifying that components produced through material extrusion additive manufacturing exhibit geometric and dimensional conformity with the STL (Standard Tessellation Language) model. Currently, the business world is heavily investing in additive technologies, but it is crucial to obtain feedback on the accuracy of the printed component without excessive economic expenditure. For this reason, we have opted to utilize a mid-range 3D scanner (Revopoint Mini with an accuracy of 0.02 mm) to investigate any disparities in print results using PLA material. Each model has been scanned and compared with the initial mesh to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the present errors. The analysis has revealed that the majority of features can be effectively controlled, while the remaining ones either fall within the tool's precision or necessitate a higher-quality scan. Particularly in the analysed case, flat surfaces, profiles of complex geometries, and holes have demonstrated dimensional and geometric controllability. However, details of reduced dimensions or those difficult to reach by the scanner do not allow for adequate comparison due to excessive standard deviation in the error. The analysed layer heights do not exhibit a significant impact on component accuracy.
The aim of this study was to compare accuracy and timing of two handheld, mobile three-dimensional surface imaging (3DSI) devices against an established non-portable medical imaging system, and to ...evaluate future intraoperative use for facial surgery.
Surface-to-Surface root mean square analysis was used to evaluate both a consumer device (Sense 3D) and a professional surface scanner (Artec Eva) against a reference imaging system (Vectra XT). Two assessors repeatedly 3D-imaged the facial region of an imaging phantom and 30 volunteers in two separate sessions. Using both mobile devices, intraoperative 3DSI of 10 rhinoplasty patients was compared with preoperative reference imaging. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was calculated for repeated measurements.
Artec Eva yielded mean deviations below 0.5 mm for the whole face and all subunits excluding the eye region. Sense 3D showed similar deviations for the whole face, but otherwise only in the central and lateral forehead unit and the medial cheek. Variability was low for both the non-portable Vectra XT and Artec Eva, whereas full-face assessment using Sense 3D resulted in high variability. When compared to the preoperative reference images, intraoperative rhinoplasty 3DSI revealed low deviations for Artec Eva and high deviations for Sense 3D.
The 3D surfaces captured by Artec Eva showed a similarly desirable accuracy for facial imaging as Vectra XT reference images. This handheld device presents a suitable option for the objective documentation during rhinoplasty surgery. Sense 3D was unable to accurately capture complex facial surfaces and is therefore limited in its usefulness for intraoperative 3DSI.
The Digital Twins of product and production face the challenge that once the development process is closed, they does not reflect the real status of production where events as equipment failures, ...poor quality or missing compound parts happens continuously. For assuring production resilience a holistic methodology, combining a top-down with a bottom-up 3D scanning approach for capturing real-time production parameters and embedding them in Digital Twins is developed. The paper presents the methodology and a motivation scenario for further validation in an innovative set-up of an automated measurement cell, where state-of-the-at technologies as autonomous AGV, mobile 3D laser scanning and automated processes are integrated.
•Dataset Creation: we present a fully annotated dataset. We developed a three-dimensional scanning device based on binocular vision. This device enables us to capture detailed and accurate point ...cloud representations of the plants.•Improved point cloud Downsampling: we employ an improved point cloud downsampling method called OctreeFPS. This method effectively reduces the number of points in the original point cloud data while preserving the overall shape and structure of the plant.•Plant segmentation transformer Network: we propose the plant segmentation transformer network (PSTNet), an end-to-end model for semantic segmentation of eggplant plant point clouds.
Improving the quality of plant point cloud data and achieving precise segmentation is essential for effective plant phenotyping analysis and plant breeding. To ensure data quality and accuracy of segmentation, we employed a self-developed three-dimensional scanning device based on binocular vision to acquire eggplant plant point clouds with high spatial resolution. And we improved down-sampling algorithm Octree Farthest Point Sampling (OFPS) to process the original point cloud data. Furthermore, we proposed a neural network called Plant Segmentation Transformer Network (PSTNet) to achieve semantic segmentation of high spatial resolution eggplant plant datasets. PSTNet comprises the following components: (i) a Neighborhood Feature Aggregator (NPA) for storing and aggregating local neighborhood features of input points, and (ii) a cascaded Point Self-Attention module (PSA) for capturing contextual information. Experimental results demonstrate the remarkable performance of PSTNet in semantic segmentation tasks, with IoU, Precision, Recall, F1-score, and Accuracy values of 92.20 %, 95.30 %, 95.57 %, 95.43 %, and 95.15 %, respectively. Additionally, compared to the Point Cloud Transformer (PCT), which exhibited the second-best performance, PSTNet achieved improvements of 4.37, 1.47, 2.87, 2.17, and 4.22 percentage points in the abovementioned metrics. This method achieves high-precision segmentation of plant point clouds, expands the semantic segmentation method of plants, and lays a solid foundation for plant phenotypic analysis.
In this paper was presented 3D scanning application of dimensional inspection of parts obtained by cutting process. The dimensional and geometric deviations of cylindrical shoots of aluminum alloy ...parts, machined by applying different milling parameters, were measured using the coordinate measuring machine (CMM), PC DMIS software, three different optical scanners and GOM Inspect software. Results obtained using CMM were selected for reference and their comparison with the results obtained with scanners was conducted. It was noted that the differences between measured deviations exist and that further research should be focused on more precise defining and monitoring of conditions in measurement environment as well as the selection of the method of approximation and surface processing in order to increase the accuracy of the inspection with the 3D scanning device. A brief overview of the inspection procedure, inspection devices, scanning and surface reconstruction was also provided as well as the existing software applications for inspection.
•The verification of 3D scanning application for the purpose of dimensional inspection.•The dimensional and geometric deviations of cylindrical shoots of aluminum alloy parts.•Coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and PC DMIS software.•A brief overview of the inspection procedure.
PDF
