Flight Risk Marion, Forrest L
2018, 2018-10-15
eBook
From the 1920s Afghanistan maintained a small air arm that depended heavily upon outside assistance. Starting in 2005, the United States led an air advisory campaign to rebuild the Afghan Air Force ...(AAF). In 2007 a formal joint/combined entity, led by a U.S. Air Force brigadier general, began air advisor work with Afghan airmen.
ABD’nin 20 yıllık işgalini sonlandırarak Afganistan’dan çekilmesiyle ülke bütünüyle Taliban idaresine kalmıştır. Ancak bu sürecin sonunda Afganistan’da siyasi yönetimin, sosyal yaşantının ve ekonomik ...durumun ne olacağı ve bunun yanı sıra güvenlik ve adaletin nasıl tesis edileceği gibi bazı belirsizlikler ortaya çıkmıştır. Taliban’ın oluşturduğu Geçici Hükümet, karşı karşıya kaldığı bu belirsizlikleri aşarken uluslararası alandaki beklentileri de karşılamak durumunda kalmıştır. Ancak Taliban idaresindeki Afganistan’ın çağdaş dünya ile entegrasyonunun hızlı olamayacağı da anlaşılmıştır. Bununla birlikte Afganistan’da uzun yıllar süren savaş nedeniyle Batıya doğru gerçekleşen düzensiz göç ve zamanla artan bu kitlesel hareketlerin Afganistan’da ortaya çıkan yeni belirsizliklerin düzensiz göçe etkisi de analize tabi tutulmuştur. Böylece Afganistan kaynaklı düzensiz göçün önlenebilir olup olmadığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.
eveloped by UK and US anesthetists with extensive experience in theater, this book describes the latest anesthesia techniques, practices, and equipment used in current combat and humanitarian ...operations. Includes chapters on topics such as injuries and physiology, team members, protocols, vascular access, airway management, burns, imaging, pain management and medications, regional anesthesia, ventilation, and postoperative management.
Tras una serie de conflictos armados de extensa duración (desde la invasión soviética de 1979), que no solamente dejó a Afganistan devastado, sino que produjo una dislocación de la sociedad afgana ...(Hakami, 2011), el país se encuentra hoy en una circunstancia en la que todos los actores reconocen que no se puede lograr una solución militar después de tantos años de guerra, con un deseo generalizado de los afganos de obtener una paz sostenible. La situación de seguridad ha empeorado en los últimos años, alcanzando las tasas de bajas civiles un terrible récord en 2018. Desde que se alcanzó el acuerdo entre Estados Unidos y los talibanes en febrero de 2020, se han observado pocos progresos en el proceso de paz afgano más amplio y la violencia se ha desatado (UNAMA; 2019). De acuerdo a las Naciones Unidas, 1.300 civiles murieron y se registró un aumento del 33 % en las muertes causadas por los talibanes en los primeros seis meses de este año (Mashal y Rahim, 2020; UNAMA, 2020).El acuerdo entre Estados Unidos y los talibanes señala 4 objetivos: 1) Los grupos armados (talibanes y fuerzas de seguridad afgana) no podrán utilizar Afganistán como base para actos contra Estados Unidos y sus aliados, 2) Las fuerzas extranjeras se retirarán de Afganistán, incluidas las tropas y contratistas estadounidenses y las fuerzas de la coalición, 3) Las negociaciones intra-afganas comenzarán el 10 de marzo de 2020 (se sabe ya que esa fecha se demoró) y 4) La agenda para esas negociaciones incluirá un debate sobre cómo implementar un alto el fuego permanente y completo, al tiempo que una hoja de ruta política para el futuro de Afganistán.
AFGANİSTAN’DA TALİBAN SONRASI SOSYAL DEĞİŞİM Mehmet Köçer
Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü dergisi = Journal of Yüzüncü Yıl University Social Sciences Institute,
12/2019
46
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Afganistan, Sovyet işgali nedeniyle 1980'li yıllarda sürekli olarak dünya kamuoyunun gündeminde yer almıştır. Ülkede, Sovyet işgalinin son bulduğu 1989 yılından itibaren ise yeni bir süreç yaşanmaya ...başlanmıştır. Bu dönemde, dünya kamuoyunda ismi az bilinen Taliban’ın yükselişi ve ülke yönetimini ele geçirmesi, Afganistan tarihinde önemli bir dönüm noktası olmuştur. 11 Eylül 2001 tarihinden itibaren de ülkenin ismi bu kez ABD ile anılmaya başlanmıştır. Taliban yönetiminin sebep olduğu büyük yıkım ve devamında ABD’nin 11 Eylül saldırıları sonrası başlattığı askeri müdahale, ülkede onarılması zor siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik travmalar oluşturmuştur. Afganistan’ın bugün içinde bulunduğu siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik sorunların temelinde eğitim alanında yaşanan problemlerin olduğu kabul edilebilir. Afganistan dünya kamuoyunda saygın bir pozisyon alacaksa bunu iyi bir eğitim sistemi sayesinde yaşayacağı değişim ile başarabilecektir. Afganistan’da 2001 yılında kız çocukları okula dahi gidemiyordu; 2016 yılına gelindiğinde ise okullarda yaklaşık 3,1 milyonu kız olmak üzere toplam 9,7 milyon civarında kayıtlı öğrenci bulunmaktadır. Bütün bu olumlu gelişmelere rağmen eğitim, sağlık, ekonomi ve demokratikleşme konularında ciddi eksiklikler bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Afganistan’ın içerisinde bulunduğu sosyal problemler bu başlıklar ekseninde ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır.
A number of development partners, including the World Bank, have been actively supporting the health sector in Afghanistan since 2003-04 (1382 AC). Collectively, they invested more than $820 million ...between 2003 (1382 AC) and 2008-09 (1387 AC) and played key roles in supporting the government in reshaping the country's health sector. This support continues, with all partners starting new projects aimed at further strengthening the sector and building on the successes that have been achieved. The book is organized as follows. Chapters one-four tell a coherent story about the achievements of the sector between 2002 and 2008 (1381-87AC), the financial resources used to achieve the results, and the contribution the private sector has made to the achievements. Chapters five-eight) look forward. They identify the challenges the sector is facing in meeting human resource needs, expanding the coverage of the basic package of health services (BPHS), and increasing the institutional capacity of the Ministry of Public Health (MoPH). Chapter eight summarizes the lessons learned and provides options for moving forward.
Afganistan Anayasası’nda İnsan Hakları YALÇINKAYA, Alaeddin; RASHİD, Yasir
Strategic public management journal,
12/2020, Letnik:
6, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Afganistan'daki insan hakları konusunun, özellikle 11 Eylül olaylarından sonra, küreselleşme bağlamındaki boyutları söz konusudur. 1924-2004 arasında Afganistan'da altı anayasa değişikliği ...yaşanmıştır. 2004 Anayasası, ülkenin hukuk tarihinde önemli bir dönüm noktası olup Türk ve İslam dünyasında da önde gelenlerdendir. Bu anayasa, medeni ve siyasi hakları koruma yanında uluslararası sözleşmeler doğrultusunda sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel hakları da desteklemektedir. Bu bağlamda, 2001 Bonn Konferansı’nda insan haklarının önemi vurgulanmış ve yeni Afganistan anayasal düzeninin insan hakları komisyonuna saygı duymasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Buna karşın, Batılı ülkelerce finanse edilen komisyonun faaliyetleri, Afganistan halkı tarafından Batılı bir proje olarak görülmüş ve muhafazakar Afganların karşı çıkmıştır. Öte yandan liberal Afganlar ise bu gelişmeleri toplumsal adalet için önemli bir fırsat olarak kabul etmişlerdir. Bu makalede, insan hakları kavramı ve gelişimi özetlenerek bu konuda Afganistan'da görülen engelleri ve zorluklar analiz edilmektedir. Bunun yanında, insan haklarının Afganistan'daki gelişimi ile 2004’ten itibaren, özellikle uluslararası mutabakatlar kapsamında katkılar incelenmektedir.
AbstractThe dimensions of the human rights issue in Afghanistan, especially after the events of September 11, are in the context of globalization. Six constitutional amendments occurred in Afghanistan between 1924-2004. The 2004 Constitution is an important turning point in the country’s legal history and is one of the leading figures in the Turkish and Islamic world. In addition to protecting civil and political rights, this constitution also supports social, economic and cultural rights in line with international conventions. In this context, the importance of human rights was emphasized at the 2001 Bonn Conference and required the new Afghanistan constitutional order to respect the human rights commission. In contrast, the activities of the commission, financed by the Western countries, were seen by the people of Afghanistan as a Western project and opposed the conservative Afghans. On the other hand, liberal Afghans accepted these developments as an important opportunity for social justice. In this article, the concept and development of human rights are summarized and the obstacles and challenges in Afghanistan are analyzed. In addition, with the development of human rights in Afghanistan, contributions are being explored since 2004, especially in the context of international agreements.
This contribution addresses issues relevant to the legal status and treatment of evacuees from Afghanistan, many of whom are destined to the United States (US), but temporarily hosted in third ...countries. This concerns third countries having agreed on temporary hosting arrangements with the US, and lily pad countries in Europe and the Middle East, where evacuees are located in US military bases. Beyond, the future residence status of evacuees paroled in the US remains uncertain. Against that backdrop, the contribution’s overall aim is to map out the pertinent international legal framework and apply it in the context of the US response to Afghan mass displacement, which also provides lessons for the broader subject of resettlement and humanitarian admission, and underscores the essential role of international cooperation for the protection of refugees and other vulnerable individuals on the move. Fundstelle: Prantl, , Afghan Mass Displacement: The American Response in Light of International Human Rights and Refugee Law, and the Need for International Cooperation to Achieve a Satisfactory Solution, ALJ 2022, 17-46 ( http://alj.uni-graz.at/index.php/alj/article/view/152 ).
This report evaluates the outcomes of World Bank Group support to Afghanistan from 2002-11. Despite extremely difficult security conditions, which deteriorated markedly after 2006, the World Bank ...Group has commendably established and sustained a large program of support to the country. The key messages of the evaluation are:While World Bank Group strategy has been highly relevant to Afghanistans situation,beginning in 2006 the strategies could have gone further in adapting ongoingprograms to evolving opportunities and needs, and in programming activities sufficientto achieve the objectives of the pillars in those strategies.Overall, Bank Group assistance has achieved substantial progress toward most ofits major objectives, although risks to development outcomes remain high. Impressive results have been achieved in public financial management, public health,telecommunications, and community development; substantial outputs have alsobeen achieved in primary education, rural roads, irrigation, and microfinanceallstarted during the initial phase. Bank assistance has been critical in developingthe mining sector as a potential engine of growth. However, progress has beenlimited in civil service reform, agriculture, urban development, and private sectordevelopment.The Bank Groups direct financial assistance has been augmented effectively byanalytic and advisory activities and donor coordination through the AfghanistanReconstruction Trust Fund. Knowledge services have been an important part ofBank Group support and have demonstrated the value of strategic analytical work,even in areas where the Bank Group may opt out of direct project financing.With the expected reduction of the international presence in 2014, sustainabilityof development gains remains a major risk because of capacity constraints andinadequate human resources planning on the
civilian side.To enhance program effectiveness, the evaluation recommends that the Bank Group help the government develop a comprehensive, long-term human resources strategy for the civilian sectors; focus on strategic analytical work in sectors that are high priorities for the government; assist in the development of local government institutions and, in the interim, support the development of a viable system for servicedelivery at subnational levels; assist in transforming the National Solidarity Program into a more sustainable financial and institutional model to consolidate its gains; help strengthen the regulatory environment for private sector investment; and scale up IFC and MIGA support to the private sector.Chapter AbstractsChapter 1This chapter examines the country context, including continuing conflict and insecurity, poverty, and the role of development partners and non-state actors (civil society and humanitarian organizations) in Afghanistan. It examines coming transitions in security arrangements, including political and economic transitions. It outlines the evaluation methods used, as well as limitations. Chapter 2This chapter deals with the World Bank Group strategy and program, the Bank Groups operational program, portfolio performance, analytic and advisory activities review, the Afghanistan Reconstruction Fund, and the new Interim Strategy Note, as well as previous Transitional Support Strategies and ISNs.Chapter 3This chapter examines the building of state capacity and state accountability to its citizens, specifically issues such as results and shortcomings in public financial management, public sector governance, and health and education. The World Bank Group contribution is highlighted. Risks to development outcomes are discussed. Chapter 4This chapter examines the issue of promoting growth in the rural economy and
improving rural livelihoods, including sectors such as rural roads, agriculture and water. The National Solidarity Program and the Bank Groups contribution to it are discussed. Risks to development outcomes arenoted.Chapter 5This chapter concerns support for the formal private sector, examining the overall investment climate and financial sector. It looks at possibilities for growth in the mining and hydrocarbons sector, information and communications technology, and power sectors. Urban development is also examined. The World Bank Group contribution is highlighted.Chapter 6This chapter provides an overall assessment (relevance, efficacy) of the Bank Groups program in Afghanistan, outlining the internal and external drivers of success (knowledge services, staff capacity, customization of program design to country context, alignment of donor objectives, etc) and weakness. Chapter 7This chapter outlines the lessons for fragile and conflict-affected situations drawing on the specifics of the Afghanistan evaluation case. Recommendations are offered in areas such as labor markets, human resources, strategic-level analytical work vis-a-vis long-term development strategies, and strengthening of the regulatory environment for private sector investment.
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