Specific scope
This Standard describes the control procedures aiming to monitor, contain and eradicate Ailanthus altissima.
Specific approval and amendment
First approved in 2019–09.
Phytochemistry investigations on
(Mill.) Swingle, a Simaroubaceae plant that is recognized as a traditional herbal medicine, have afforded various natural products, among which C
quassinoid is the ...most attractive for their significant and diverse pharmacological and biological activities. Our continuous study has led to the isolation of two novel quassinoid glycosides, named chuglycosides J and K, together with fourteen known lignans from the samara of
. The new structures were elucidated based on comprehensive spectra data analysis. All of the compounds were evaluated for their anti-tobacco mosaic virus activity, among which chuglycosides J and K exhibited inhibitory effects against the virus multiplication with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC
) values of 56.21 ± 1.86 and 137.74 ± 3.57 μM, respectively.
•Ailanthus altissima oil (AAO) has potential substitute to petro diesel fuel.•Ailanthus altissima seed has 38% oil.•AAO oil can be used as a feedstock for biodiesel production.•Biodiesel from AOO ...meet the requirements of ASTM D6751 standard.•Optimized variables to produce 92.26% biodiesel were detected by RSM.
The non-edible oil from Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) seeds has potential as a novel feedstock for biodiesel production in Iran. In this study, Ailanthus altissima seed oil (AAO) has been investigated as a novel feedstock for biodiesel production. Ripe Ailanthus altissima seeds were collected from the Tarbiat Modares University campus and, after drying, their oil was extracted using a Soxhlet extraction system. The maximum oil content of the seeds was found to be ∼38%. The physical and chemical characteristics of the AAO were investigated. Biodiesel was prepared using an ultrasonic setup. In order to obtain the highest yield of biodiesel, the production process was optimised using a response surface methodology (RSM) model. Reaction parameters such as the molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction time, and catalyst loading were studied. The biodiesel yield was 92.26% under the optimised conditions, i.e., a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 8.50:1, a catalyst loading of 1.01 wt%, and a reaction time of 4.71 min. The biodiesel prepared from Ailanthus altissima oil complies with the criteria dictated by ASTM D6751 standards. Thus, this seed oil can be introduced as a new feedstock for biodiesel production in Iran.
The present study investigated the effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles, as novel fuel additives, on the engine performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. The GO ...nanoparticles were mixed with B0, B10, and B20 Ailanthus altissima biodiesel blends. The graphene oxide nanoparticles, at concentrations of 30, 60, and 90 ppm, were dispersed into each fuel blend by ultrasonication. Throughout this study, engine testing was performed at a constant speed of 2100 rpm and loads of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Performance and emission characteristics, including power, torque, specific fuel consumption (SFC), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), and CO, CO2, unburned-hydrocarbon (UHC), and NOx emissions, were investigated. study revealed that, under the same conditions, most performance characteristics, such as power, torque, and EGT, significantly increased through the addition of GO to fuel blends, while SFC significantly decreased. The GO-nanoparticle additives facilitated significant reductions in CO and UHC emissions (approximately 7–20% and 15–28%, respectively); however, under the same conditions, slight increases in CO2 and NOx emissions (approximately 6–10% and 5–8%, respectively) were observed. On the basis of the experimental results, we conclude that fuel blends composed of nanographene oxide, Ailanthus altissima biodiesel, and diesel can be introduced as environmentally friendly fuels.
•Biodiesel of Ailanthus altissima oil is environment friendly and suitable alternative fuel.•Diesel engine was investigated by Nano Graphene oxide (GO) blends.•Power, torque and exhaust gas temperature increased by GO-biodiesel-diesel blends.•GO addition to biodiesel provided lower SFC, CO and UHC.•GO-biodiesel blends increased NOx and CO2 emissions.
Climate, land use and disturbances are well known drivers of invasion. However, their relative influence may change across spatial scales, where climate is expected to be the main filter at broad ...scales; land use is expected to have more influence at intermediate scales, and disturbance, at fine ones. Understanding the underlying processes that drive invasion patterns at different spatial scales is thus crucial to be able to anticipate the future spread of invaders. Here, we quantified the relative importance of climate, land use, and disturbance on the distribution of the invasive trees Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia, across three nested spatial scales, namely global, country (Spain) and riverbank (three riparian riverbanks). To do so, for each species and scale, we built ensemble species distribution models. We also identified their range filling and inferred the most suitable areas in Spain for them to spread. In general, our study confirms that climate acts as an initial coarse filter of species distribution, whilst both climate and land use were important at the country scale; at the riverbank scale human-mediated disturbances gained importance. However, R. pseudoacacia and A. altissima showed differences in their degree of range filling, where A. altissima has a higher potential for range expansion in the near future. Overall, the integration of different scales into invasion studies shows a great potential to enrich our understanding of species-habitat relationships, and to help anticipate their future dynamics.
The dried bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (BAA), commonly designated as “Chunpi” in Chinese, is extensively used as a common traditional medicine in China, Korea, and India. It has been ...used to treat multiple ailments, including asthma, epilepsy, spermatorrhea, bleeding, and ophthalmic diseases, for thousands of years.
Aim of the review: To present a comprehensive and constructive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, traditional uses, quality control, and toxicology of BAA; to aid the assessment of the therapeutic potential of BAA; to guide researchers working on the development of novel therapeutic agents.
Information related to BAA (from 1960 to 2020) was retrieved from a wide variety of electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, and Google Scholar. Additional information and materials were acquired from Chinese Medicine Monographs, the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and several web sources, such as the official website of The Plant List and Flora of China. Additionally, perspectives for future investigations and applications of BAA were extensively explored.
Approximately 221 chemical compounds, including alkaloids, quassinoids, phenylpropanoids, triterpenoids, volatile oils, and other compounds, have been isolated and characterized from BAA; among these, the quassinoid ailanthone is the most typical. The crude extracts and active compounds of BAA have been reported to exert a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, herbicidal, and insecticidal activities. Although BAA is safe when administered at a conventional dose, at higher doses, it exhibits toxicity due to the presence of quassinoids. Thus, more studies are required to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BAA.
Modern pharmacological studies have revealed that BAA, as a valuable medicinal resource, possesses the potential to treat a wide variety of ailments, especially, cancer and gastrointestinal inflammation. These studies present a wide range of perspectives for the development of new drugs related to BAA. However, only a few traditional uses are associated with the reported pharmacological activities of BAA and have been confirmed by preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and quality control of BAA should be considered indispensable research topics.
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•Dried bark of Ailanthus altissima (BAA) used as traditional medicine in Asia.•BAA contains alkaloids, quassinoids, phenylpropanoids, triterpenoids, volatile oils.•The quassinoid ailanthone is the most active constituent of BAA.•BAA has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, herbicidal, insecticidal effects.•Further studies are required to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BAA.
ilanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle is a source of various classes of biologically active compounds. This determines its phytotoxic, fumigant, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anthelmintic action. ...However, the scientific literature lacks information about its chemical composition and prospects for use in medicine. The aim of the work. The study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle leaves and fruits by GS / MS analysis. Identify possible future prospects for the use of the test plant in medical practice as a source of potential medicines. Materials and research. The object of research is Ailanthus altissima leaves and fruits. The tincture was obtained by maceration, the raw material was extracted with methyl alcohol at room temperature for 10 days. Qualitative and quantitative determination of active compounds was carried out on a gas chromatograph “Agilent 7890B GC System” (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with mass spectrometric detector “Agilent 5977 BGC/MSD” (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and chromatographic column DB-5ms (30 m × 250 μm × 0,25 μm). Results. In the course of the study, 35 biologically active compounds were identified in the leaves and 41 – in the fruits of Ailanthus altissima. It has been found that the main components of leaves are phytol – 21.15 %, hexadecanoic acid – 8.53 %, α-tokospiro A – 8.14 %, 2-C-methyl-myo-inositol – 7.78 %; the main components of fruits are α-tocopherol – 13.35 %, vaccenic acid – 11.42 %, butyric acid 2-ethylhexyl ester – 9.77 %. α-tocopherol is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions. It is for the first time when chemical composition of Ailanthus altissima leaves and fruits was established with GS/MS. 35 biologically active compounds in leaves and 41 in fruits of the studied object were identified. The main components of the leaves are phytol – 21.15 %, hexadecanoic acid – 8.53 %, α-tocospiro A – 8.14 %, and these of the fruits comprise α-tocopherol – 13.35 %, vaccine acid – 11.42 %, 2-ethylhexyl ester of butanoic acid – 9.77 %. The results can be used to create new potential antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Heterogeneous catalyst prepared from Ailanthus altissima oil cake along with cadmium sulphide catalyst proved to be an efficient, cost-effective and sustainable source of biodiesel synthesis from ...Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) seed oil. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) is a non-edible wild plant having significant oil content of 40%, being an ideal low cost and sustainable source of biodiesel production. After extraction of oil from the seeds, the remaining Ailanthus cake was treated through different techniques to be used as a novel heterogeneous catalyst. Free fatty acid content of the seeds was measured as 0.7%, which is very reasonable for effective trans-esterification process. The potassium hydroxide (KOH)-activated Ailanthus cake (KAC), calcined Ailanthus cake (CAC) and cadmium sulphide nanoparticles (CdS) were characterised with different techniques such as SEM at different magnifications, XRD and EDX. These catalysts were effectively utilised for biodiesel production owing to promising reusability, cost-effective and eco-friendly behaviour. For trans-esterification of Ailanthus altissima oil (AAO), the operating conditions on which maximum biodiesel yield obtained were 3:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 0.5 wt.% catalyst concentration, 90 min reaction time, 60 °C and 600 rpm. The fuel properties of biodiesel obtained from Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) were also determined and analysed in detail. These properties, such as viscosity, density, pour point and cloud point, fall within the limits set by international standards of biodiesel.
Extractives have an impact on the processing and commercial value of wood. Ultrasound is an environmentally friendly technology commonly employed to reduce the extractive content and thus enhance the ...permeability of wood. This study aimed to understand the migration mechanism of extractives inside wood during ultrasonic treatment, which may help to obtain the desired wood properties. The extractive distribution of Ailanthus altissima was observed by using stereo microscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, the extractive content was determined, and the relationship between the concentration of water-soluble extractives and absorbance was measured using a UV/Vis spectrophotometer, and the migration model of extractives was studied using layered extraction by innovatively combining the weight and the absorbance methods. The results revealed that the extractives were predominantly distributed in the vessels and diminished after ultrasonic treatment. The extractive content gradually decreased over time (0 ∼ 5 h), with a rapid decline observed within the first 2 h. The concentration of the water-soluble extractives exhibited a proportional relationship with the absorbance. Through the comparison of the layered-extractive concentration, accumulating evidence suggested that the migration of the extractives was a dynamic process, which included the extractives migrating towards easy-extracted area, moving along the direction of ultrasound propagation inside the wood, and leaching out of wood during ultrasonic treatment.
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