Alpska konvencija, mednarodna pogodba za varstvo Alp, predstavlja okvir za doseganje trajnostnega razvoja v alpskem svetu. A njeno uresničevanje je odvisno predvsem od izvajanja na lokalni ravni, ...kjer se uresničujejo prostorske politike, posegi v prostor in kjer se rojevajo ideje o številnih projektih ter inovacijah, kako živeti on ostati v Alpah. Prispevek govori o delovanju Alpske konvencije ter izvedenih primerih dobrih praks Alpske konvencije v Sloveniji.
The article describes two new tall herb communities in the Southeastern Alps, Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris and Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae. Both are long-term successional stages in ...the overgrowing of abandoned hay meadows in the altimontane and subalpine belt of the southern and southwestern Julian Alps (including the Julian Prealps), partly also the Carnic Alps, that have been abandoned for over 50 years. In the succession sere where the altimontane-subalpine Illyrian beech forest (Dentario pentaphylli-Fagetum, Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum, Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum) is the potential natural vegetation on steep, sunny limestone (rarely dolomite) slopes, the species Laserpitium siler and (or) Grafia golaka act as inhibitors also due to their high allelopathic potential; in turn, spontaneous afforestation with spruce and some deciduous trees has been slow and gradual.
Opisujemo dve novi združbi visokih steblik v Jugovzhodnih Alpah, Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris in Laserpitio sileri-Grafietum golakae. Obe sta dolgotrajen sukcesijski stadij pri zaraščanju nekdanjih in že več kot 50 let opuščenih senožeti v altimontasnkem in subalpinskem pasu južnih in jugozahodnih Julijskih Alp (vključno z Julijskimi Predalpami) in deloma tudi Karnijskih Alp. V sukcesijskem nizu, v katerem je potencialno naravna vegetacija na strmih prisojnih apnenčastih (redkeje dolomitnih) pobočjih altimontansko-subalpinski ilirski bukov gozd (Dentario pentaphylli-Fagetum, Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum, Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum), vrsti Laserpitium siler in (ali) Grafia golaka tudi zaradi svojega močnega alelopatskega potenciala delujeta zaviralno in je zato zaraščanje s smreko in nekaterimi listavci počasno in postopno.
We conducted a phytosociological study of the communities hosting the rare and endangered fern Adiantum capillus-veneris in the foothills of the Julian Alps, in Karst and in Istria. Based on a ...comparison with similar communities elsewhere in the southern Alps (northern Italy) we classified most of the recorded stands into the syntaxa Eucladio-Adiantetum eucladietosum and -cratoneuretosum commutati. Releves from the southern Julian Alps, located in comparatively slightly colder and moister local climate and the dolomite bedrock are classified into the new subassociation -hymenostylietosum recurvirostri subass. nova. Stands with the abundant occurrence of the liverwort Conocephalum conicum, are classified in to the new subassociation -conocephaletosum conici subass. nova. Stands in conglomerate rock shelters along the Soča at Solkan are classified into the new association Phyteumato columnae-Adiantetum ass. nova, a community of transitional character between the classes Adiantetea capilli-veneris and Asplenietea trichomanis.
Fitocenološko smo raziskali združbe, v katerih v prigorju Julijskih Alp, na Krasu in v Istri uspeva redka in ogrožena praprot Adiantum capillus-veneris. Na podlagi primerjav s podobnimi združbami drugod v južnih Alpah (severna Italija) smo večino popisanih sestojev uvrstili v sintaksona Eucladio-Adiantetum eucladietosum in -cratoneuretosum commutati. Popise iz južnih Julijskih Alp, ki smo jih naredili v nekoliko hladnejšem in bolj vlažnem krajevnem podnebju in na dolomitni podlagi uvrščamo v novo subasociacijo -hymenostylietosum recurvirostri subass. nova. Sestoje, kjer je obilno uspeval jetrenjak Conocephalum conicum, smo uvrstili v novo subasociacijo -conocephaletosum conici subass. nova. Sestoje v konglomeratnih spodmolih ob Soči pri Solkanu uvrščamo v novo asociacijo Phyteumato columnae-Adiantetum ass. nova, saj kažejo na stik združb dveh razredov Adiantetea capilli-veneris in Asplenietea trichomanis.
Based on comparisons between similar communities in northeastern Italy, southern Austria, central and southeastern Slovenia, and western Croatia, we classified black hornbeam and flowering ash ...phytocoenoses on steep rocky sites in the beech forest belt in northwestern and western Slovenia into the association Fraxinio orni-Ostryetum Aichinger 1933 and described its new subassociation -phyteumatetosum columnae in the foothills of the Julian Alps and in the northern part of the Dinaric Alps. Black hornbeam and flowering ash stands on steep shady slopes with a higher proportion of diagnostic species of beech and spruce forests are classified into the new association Rhododendro hirsuti-Ostryetum Franz ex Dakskobler, ass. nov. hoc loco, new subassociation -mercurialietosum perennis and the provisional variant var. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus whose stands are floristically rather similar to the stands of the association Hemerocallido-Ostryetum.
Na podlagi primerjav s podobnimi združbami v severovzhodni Italiji, južni Avstriji, osrednji in jugovzhodni Sloveniji ter zahodni Hrvaški smo fitocenoze črnega gabra in malega jesena na strmih skalnatih rastiščih v pasu bukovih gozdov v severozahodni in zahodni Sloveniji uvrstili v asociacijo Fraxinio orni-Ostryetum Aichinger 1933 in v prigorju Julijskih Alp in v severnem delu Dinarskega gorstva opisali njeno novo subasociacijo -phyteumatetosum columnae. Sestoje črnega gabra in malega jesena na strmih osojnih pobočjih z večjim deležem diagnostičnih vrst bukovih in smrekovih gozdov uvrščamo v novo asociacijo Rhododendro hirsuti-Ostryetum Franz ex Dakskobler, ass. nov. hoc loco in v novo subasociacijo -mercurialietosum perennis ter v provizorno varianto var. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus, katere sestoji so floristično precej podobni sestojem asociacije Hemerocallido- Ostryetum.
In the 1700s, Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the Alps as the quintessence of the triumph of nature over the “horrors” of civilization. Now available in English, History of the Alps, 1500-1900: ...Environment, Development, and Society provides a precise history of one of the greatest mountain range systems in the world. Jon Mathieu’s work disproves a number of commonly held notions about the Alps, positioning them as neither an inversion of lowland society nor a world apart with respect to Europe. Mathieu’s broad historical portrait addresses both the economic and sociopolitical—exploring the relationship between population levels, development, and the Alpine environment, as well as the complex links between agrarian structure, society, and the development of modern civilization. More detailed analysis examines the relationship between various agrarian structures and shifting political configurations, several aspects of family history between the late Middle Ages and the turn of the twentieth century, and exploration of the Savoy, Grisons, and Carinthia regions.
The metamorphic evolution of the garnet peridotite body of Alpe Arami, Central Alps, is a matter of current controversy. In this paper, the inter- and intragrain distribution of major and trace ...elements obtained by electron and ion probe microanalyses is used to better constrain the P–T evolution of this peridotite. Using the compositions of homogeneous porphyroclast cores, peak metamorphic conditions of 1180 ± 40°C and 5·9 ± 0·3 GPa are estimated, based on consistent results from the application of several independent thermometers (Fe–Mg exchange between garnet, pyroxenes and olivine, Ni exchange between garnet and olivine, Co and Ni exchange between orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene), the Al-in-orthopyroxene barometer and the Ca–Cr systematics of garnet. Orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene porphyroclasts are, however, not in equilibrium with respect to some elements with low diffusivities, such as Ca, Ti, Cr, V and Sc. This disequilibrium appears to be the main cause for the lower P–T values suggested by some of the previous workers. On the other hand, there is no evidence for an ultradeep (>200 km) origin of the Alpe Arami body as postulated recently. Chemical zonation profiles across mineral grains suggest that during retrograde evolution a near-isothermal decompression was followed by accelerated cooling.
In this study, we have investigated the formation of quartz–kyanite veins of the Alpe Sponda, Central Alps, Switzerland. We have integrated field observations, fluid inclusion and stable isotope data ...and combined this with numerical geochemical modeling to constrain the chemical processes of aluminum transport and deposition. The estimated P–T conditions of the quartz–kyanite veins, based on conventional geothermometry (garnet–biotite, white mica solvus and quartz–kyanite oxygen isotope thermometry) and fluid inclusion data, are 550 ± 30°C at 5.0 ± 0.5 kbar. Geochemical modeling involved construction of aqueous species predominance diagrams, calculation of kyanite and quartz solubility, and reaction–path simulations. The results of the modeling demonstrate that (1) for the given chemical composition of the vein-forming fluids mixed Al–Si aqueous species are dominant in transporting Al, and that (2) fluid cooling along a small temperature gradient coupled with a pH decrease is able to explain the precipitation of the quartz–kyanite assemblages in the proportions that are observed in the Alpe Sponda veins. We conclude that sufficient amounts of Al can be transported in typical medium- to high-grade regional metamorphic fluids and that immobile behavior of Al is not very likely in advection–dominanted fluid–rock systems in the upper and middle crust.
Eclogite is one of the major types of xenoliths in kimberlite. An investigation of such xenoliths provides important constraints on the distribution of
P and
T within the upper mantle and its ...chemical composition. Garnet–clinopyroxene and clinopyroxene barometers are proposed for mantle eclogites and peridotites on the basis of CaTs solubility in clinopyroxene coexisting with garnet. Such barometers permit estimation of
P–
T conditions for eclogite and peridotite garnet–clinopyroxene assemblages, including those involving omphacite and Cr-diopside pyroxenes for the ranges 700
≤
T
≤
2100 °C and 1.5
≤
P
≤
22 GPa. The barometers were used to determine formation conditions of eclogitic and peridotitic inclusions in diamonds, diamond-bearing, diamond–graphite-bearing and diamond-free eclogites and peridotites from kimberlite pipes and metamorphic complexes.
Članek predlaga klasifikacijski sistem za zgodnjesrednjeveške naglavne obročke v vzhodnih Alpah. S pomočjo stratigrafske in topografsko-kronološke analize izbranih grobišč vzpostavlja relativno in ...absolutno kronologijo teh obročkov. Preizkusi uporabnost datiranja z metodo radioaktivnega ogljika C14 in ugotovi, da od druge četrtine 10. st. dalje obstaja velika razlika med dejanskimi koledarskimi datumi in tistimi, ki jih omogoča kalibriranje s pomočjo veljavne kalibracijske krivulje za severno zemeljsko poloblo. Relativne razlike med laboratorijskimi C14 starostmi pa so veljavne.
The Alpe Arami Story： Triumph of Data over Prejudice Green, Harry W.; Dobrzhinetskaya, Larissa F.; Bozhilov, Krassimir N.
Journal of earth science (Wuhan, China),
10/2010, Letnik:
21, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The Alpe Arami garnet peridotite of the Southern Swiss Alps is associated with eclogites and included within quartzofeldspathic gneisses. Controversy has swirled around the depth of origin of this ...massif since the 1970s when application of the newly-developed technique of thermobarometry suggested a depth of last equilibration of greater than 120 kin. Such controversy accelerated in 1996 when we reported microstructural evidence of extensive precipitation of ilmenite and spinel from olivine and proposed a much greater depth of origin. Subsequent experiments showed that it was possible to dissolve the observed amount of TiO2 in olivine, but only at depths in excess of 300 kin, agreeing with the earlier proposal. In 1999 we added new, independent, evidence concerning exsolution of high-pressure clinoenstatite from diopside that in-and-of-itself required a depth of origin in excess of 250 km. Subsequently, we also added evidence from the surrounding eclogites of very high pressures and experimental evidence that the pyroxenes included in the amoeboid garnets of this rock had exsolved from a majoritic parent at perhaps even greater pressures. In refutation of the first two of these observations, suggestions were made that （i） we had made a serious error in our estimate of how much ilmenite was present in olivine （and therefore how much TiO2 had been dissolved in olivine）; （ii） the ilmenite had not been exsolved from olivine but former titanian clinohumite had been present and broke down to yield the ilmenite; （iii） the pyroxene exsolved from diopside had been high-temperature clinoenstatite. In all three of these cases, the alternatives offered were claimed to be accommodated at low pressures. Here we review the essence of this controversy and show that the only scenario that can explain all of the data is the one that we originally proposed; indeed, the more recent data have strongly supported that interpretation and pushed the minimum origin of the massif to depths approaching 400 km.
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