The Saint Nicholas Bay Shipwreck (SNBS) lies in 4 m of water near Chernomorets, Bulgaria. The wreck was studied in a rescue excavation in 2015. Design and construction point to the second half of the ...19th century and Mediterranean European provenance. Analysis of fastenings attributes the ship's origin to the Adriatic coast of the Austro-Hungarian Empire linking its construction with the prominent shipyard Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino. Archival research reveals that the wreck may be one of several vessels, built between 1863 and 1869. The SNBS provides a valuable perspective on the globalization of Black Sea seafaring during the 'long 19th century'.
The second half of the nineteenth century was an era of mass labour migration in Europe, when the Atlantic route became of paramount importance alongside intra-continental mobility. From the last ...third of the century Italy and Hungary were among the most important emigrating countries. By this time changes in the regulation of migration had begun to take place with the development of stronger state control, which affected mobility and the relationship between emigrants and transporters. The question also arose as to whether and how the large emigrating states could ensure the loyalty of their emigrant citizens and control them en route and in the destination states. The regulatory process which began in the 1880s gradually moved from an administrative approach to the development of more comprehensive legal sources covering more and more aspects of emigration with the Hungarian government making use of foreign solutions, particularly the Italian Emigration Act of 1901.
How to Break a State DEAK, JOHN; GUMZ, JONATHAN E.
The American historical review,
10/2017, Letnik:
122, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The Habsburg Empire’s final years and its experience in the First World War have traditionally been a story of dysfunction and national disintegration. This article, by contrast, stresses that the ...prewar Habsburg state was far from dysfunctional and in many ways approximated its other nineteenth-century constitutionalist counterparts within Europe and across the world. Yet the war and the stresses surrounding it, especially along the seam of civil-military relations, tore that constitutionalist state apart as the Habsburg Army declared its own internal war against the Habsburg civilian state. The army focused its ire on the rule of law within that state, which it viewed as contributing to the state’s weaknesses, and ultimately its initial failures, in the first year and a half of the war. Thus, the Habsburg Empire descended into a state of exception as the army took advantage of an array of legal tools designed to accompany initial mobilizations to make deep and lasting incursions into the practice of managing civilians. These incursions caused widespread dismay among broad sections of the Habsburg populace, while simultaneously undermining the practices and procedures of the Habsburg administration. Yet in plunging into a state of legal exception, the Habsburg Empire was hardly an anomaly in the twentieth century. Rather, it was a harbinger of what was to come as the nineteenth-century constitutionalist state came under assault in emergency situations in Europe during the First World War and beyond.
Atlant was the first world atlas in Slovenian. It was published between 1869 and 1877, when most Slovenians lived in Austria-Hungary. The first-ever world atlas was authored by Abraham Ortelius and ...published in 1570, and the first Austrian world atlas was published in 1796 by Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly. In both of them, the territory of what is now Slovenia is depicted on several maps. Atlant was edited by Matej Cigale, who carried out pioneering work in Slovenianizing geographical names and preserving Slovenian exonyms. The Slovenian geographical names used in the atlas reflect the relationships at the time between Slovenian and other languages. Atlas is important because it uses Slovenian geographical names on the maps. It also influenced later world atlases, especially the first school atlases in Slovenian. A facsimile of Atlant with accompanying studies was published in 2005.
The article analyses the source and information potential of the reports of the delegations of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine, which were sent to multinational camps of captured soldiers of ...the tsarist army for the purpose of compiling lists of Ukrainians for their subsequent transfer to the Ukrainian Freistadt camp. The importance of the topic chosen for research lies in the fact that the information gleaned from these reports makes it possible to clarify in detail the main manifestations of the daily life of prisoners, as well as to learn some features of their national character. At the same time, the mentioned reports fully illustrate certain aspects of the organizational activities of the Union, which made it possible to lay a lasting foundation for the unity of Ukrainians in the multinational camps of prisoners of war from the tsarist army. The stay of the IED delegates in the camps made it possible to form a small circle of Ukrainian activists capable of risking their lives to carry out the difficult task of spreading national liberation ideas among prisoners of the tsarist army. The methods used by the author of this article include the narrative methodology, which involves the description of a social phenomenon, as well as military anthropology, with its focus on the study of world pictures, symbolic systems and fundamental forms of human behavior, mostly hidden and not clearly formulated. It became possible to analyze the general psychological state of prisoners in the conditions of camp isolation thanks to the use of the methodology of social determinism. The characteristics of the national types of prisoners of the tsarist army are of significant scientific interest, the knowledge of which is an important task of Ukrainian historical science — especially in the light of the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2022–2023. Studying the mental traits of captured Russians and Russified Jews, who were ready for any tricks against those Ukrainians who dared to have their own opinion, allows us to understand the depth of the fall of the modern Russian ethno-social conglomerate.
In 1918 according to the interior ministry in Vienna of the Republic of Austria there was no ‘Gypsy mischief’ anymore. The criminalization of poverty and the assumption about destitute persons would ...endanger the public order and security climaxed a new dimension in World War One, when more than one million refugees from the war zones arrived in the western regions of Austria-Hungary or were evacuated by the military forces. Following the internment camps for refugees and ‘political suspicious’ civilians, a ‘Gypsies camp’ was built in Hainburg an der Donau.
Das Wiener Innenministerium der Republik Österreich ging 1918 davon aus, dass die ‚Zigeunerfrage‘ im Zuge des Ersten Weltkriegs gelöst worden sei. Die Kriminalisierung von Armut und die Annahme, dass Mittellose eine Gefährdung für die öffentliche Ordnung und Sicherheit darstellen würden, nahmen im Ersten Weltkrieg eine neue Dimension an, als über eine Million Flüchtlinge aus den Kriegsgebieten in den Westen Österreich-Ungarns kamen oder von den Militärbehörden evakuiert wurden. Infolge der Internierung von Flüchtlingen sowie von ‚politisch verdächtigen‘ Zivilisten und Zivilistinnen wurde das ‚Zigeunerlager‘ in Hainburg an der Donau errichtet.
Summary
In spring 1912, 25-year-old lawyer Luka Jukić tried to assassinate the Croatian Ban and Royal Commissioner Slavko Cuvaj. This article focuses on several aspects of the trial against Jukić: ...first, on analysing the impact of Cesare Lombroso’s criminology in Croatia; second, on the testimony by forensic psychiatrist Ivo Žirovčić, who controversially claimed that Jukić was sane; third, on unmasking the techniques and manipulations by the media, the regime and the opposition concerning the assassin’s alleged insanity; and finally, on identifying the ways in which the case influenced further political and revolutionary activities in the country. The discussion concerning Jukić’s accountability deepened the chasm between the supporters and opponents of Cuvaj’s regime, both in the political sphere and within the Croatian medical community.
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