DSN-MUI fatwa is a reference for the sharia standardization in Islamic financial institutions. Fatwa not only refers to primary references (Quran and Sunnah) strengthened by jurisprudence, but also ...secondary references such as ulamas’ opinions. This study analyzes the fatwa used as a text-based religious authority by the fatwa institution. This is a literature review which qualitative data are from primary and secondary sources collected through documentation, by reading the fatwa on Islamic finance from 2000-2012. Meanwhile, secondary data are articles, books, or studies related to the authority of religious texts in the sharia economic law discovery and development. The content analysis method was applied. This study found that of the 122 fatwas compiled in the DSN-MUI fatwa book, there were 47 fatwas (38.5%), referring to the opinions of salaf and contemporary ulamas as the basis, or as arguments and legitimacy. Based on the findings and analysis, the religion’s legitimacy and authority are at least based on two main things, the agents forming authority and references forming authority. Issuance of fatwa in sharia economic development is an attempt to reproduce the text’s authority. This study affirms previous studies reinforcing MUI as the religious authority, particularly in sharia economics.Fatwa DSN-MUI menjadi rujukan standardisasi kesyariahan sebuah lembaga keuangan syariah. Fatwa tidak hanya merujuk pada referensi primer (Quran dan sunnah) yang diperkuat dengan kaidah fikih, tetapi juga pada referensi sekunder dari pendapat para ulama. Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisa fatwa yang dijadikan otoritas keagamaan yang bertumpu pada teks oleh lembaga fatwa. Penelitian ini merupakan kajian kepustakaan dengan pendekatan kualitatif bersumber dari sumber data primer dan sekunder. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan dokumentasi, yaitu membaca fatwa tentang keuangan Syariah tahun 2000-2012. Data sekunder yaitu artikel, buku atau kajian terkait otoritas teks agama dalam penemuan dan pengembangan hukum ekonomi syariah. Data dianalisis dengan metode analisis isi. Kajian ini menemukan, dari 122 fatwa dalam buku kumpulan fatwa DSN-MUI, terdapat 47 fatwa (38,5%) yang merujuk pendapat ulama salaf dan kontemporer sebagai landasan fatwa-fatwa tersebut, atau setidaknya sebagai argumen dan legitimasi. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa legitimasi dan otoritas agama setidaknya bertumpu pada dua hal pokok yaitu agen pembentuk otoritas dan referensi pembentuk otoritas. Penerbitan fatwa dalam konteks pengembangan ekonomi syariah merupakan upaya mereproduksi otoritas teks. Kajian ini mengafirmasi kajian-kajian sebelumnya yang menyatakan penguatan MUI sebagai pemegang otoritas keagamaan, khususnya dalam bidang ekonomi syariah.
The appearance of the economic factor on the authority and citizens after the increase of civilization and welfare of economic situation of the domesticated tribal which started to establish system ...of authority and build castles, walls and cities for protecting itself from the outside attacks and assaults. This research entitled “the economic factor and its effect of the authority system”, the Kurdish emirates during the Abbasid era as an example. Which is analyzed per Ebn Khaldon theory. The research consists of two sections, in the first section we spoke about three points, which are, first the appearance the rank of Amir between the tribal leaders as the earliest stages of authority. Second the establishment of the rank of Minister to improve the administration and citizen life situation and other administration related work like collecting taxes. Third the establishment of the Judge rank which was one of the socialized positions to retrieve people rights and prohibit people to assault each other’s rights, and to do religious and social affairs. In the second section, we spoke about the place of Amir ruling, including the castles which was a symbol to improved political and economic situation. Also, the cities which was an important stage for the movement of Kurds from Urban to cities, and the appearance of the desire construction and prosperity specially by the Amirs and also building royal mansions.
Abstract
Gaslighting is a form of domination which builds upon multiple and mutually reinforcing strategies that induce rational acquiescence. Such abusive strategies progressively insulate the ...victims and inflict a loss in self-respect, with powerful alienating effects. In arguing for these claims, I reject the views that gaslighting is an epistemic or structural wrong, or a moral wrong of instrumentalization. In contrast, I refocus on personal addresses that use, affect, and distort the very practice of rational justification. Further, I argue that the social dimension of gaslighting cannot be fully explained by reference to bare social structures because this compound wrong succeeds via emotional person-to-person addresses. Rational justification becomes, then, the locus where the struggle for power takes place. This struggle involves and is operated by not only victims and wrongdoers but also third parties. They are crucial actors in wrongdoing as well as in rescuing the victims and restoring their normative status. Ultimately, this study shows that the deontic structure of wrong is multifocal, and its relationality points to modes of epistemic and moral rehabilitation that are also modes of social empowerment.
Do citizens view state and traditional authorities as substitutes or complements? Past work has been divided on this question. Some scholars point to competition between attitudes toward these ...entities, suggesting substitution, whereas others highlight positive correlations, suggesting complementarity. Addressing this question, however, is difficult, as it requires assessing the effects of exogenous changes in the latent valuation of one authority on an individual’s support for another. We show that this quantity—a type of elasticity—cannot be inferred from correlations between support for the two forms of authority. We employ a structural model to estimate this elasticity of substitution using data from 816 villages in the Democratic Republic of Congo and plausibly exogenous rainfall and conflict shocks. Despite prima facie evidence for substitution logics, our model’s outcomes are consistent with complementarity; positive changes in citizen valuation of the chief appear to translate into positive changes in support for the government.
Governance arrangements include changes in rules or processes that determine authority and accountability for health policies, organisations, commercial products and health professionals, as well as ...the involvement of stakeholders in decision-making. Changes in governance arrangements can affect health and related goals in numerous ways, generally through changes in authority, accountability, openness, participation and coherence. A broad overview of the findings of systematic reviews can help policymakers, their technical support staff and other stakeholders to identify strategies for addressing problems and improving the governance of their health systems.
To provide an overview of the available evidence from up-to-date systematic reviews about the effects of governance arrangements for health systems in low-income countries. Secondary objectives include identifying needs and priorities for future evaluations and systematic reviews on governance arrangements and informing refinements of the framework for governance arrangements outlined in the overview.
We searched Health Systems Evidence in November 2010 and PDQ Evidence up to 17 December 2016 for systematic reviews. We did not apply any date, language or publication status limitations in the searches. We included well-conducted systematic reviews of studies that assessed the effects of governance arrangements on patient outcomes (health and health behaviours), the quality or utilisation of healthcare services, resource use (health expenditures, healthcare provider costs, out-of-pocket payments, cost-effectiveness), healthcare provider outcomes (such as sick leave), or social outcomes (such as poverty, employment) and that were published after April 2005. We excluded reviews with limitations that were important enough to compromise the reliability of the findings of the review. Two overview authors independently screened reviews, extracted data and assessed the certainty of evidence using GRADE. We prepared SUPPORT Summaries for eligible reviews, including key messages, 'Summary of findings' tables (using GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence) and assessments of the relevance of findings to low-income countries.
We identified 7272 systematic reviews and included 21 of them in this overview (19 primary reviews and 2 supplementary reviews). We focus here on the results of the 19 primary reviews, one of which had important methodological limitations. The other 18 were reliable (with only minor limitations).We grouped the governance arrangements addressed in the reviews into five categories: authority and accountability for health policies (three reviews); authority and accountability for organisations (two reviews); authority and accountability for commercial products (three reviews); authority and accountability for health professionals (seven reviews); and stakeholder involvement (four reviews).Overall, we found desirable effects for the following interventions on at least one outcome, with moderate- or high-certainty evidence and no moderate- or high-certainty evidence of undesirable effects. Decision-making about what is covered by health insurance- Placing restrictions on the medicines reimbursed by health insurance systems probably decreases the use of and spending on these medicines (moderate-certainty evidence). Stakeholder participation in policy and organisational decisions- Participatory learning and action groups for women probably improve newborn survival (moderate-certainty evidence).- Consumer involvement in preparing patient information probably improves the quality of the information and patient knowledge (moderate-certainty evidence). Disclosing performance information to patients and the public- Disclosing performance data on hospital quality to the public probably encourages hospitals to implement quality improvement activities (moderate-certainty evidence).- Disclosing performance data on individual healthcare providers to the public probably leads people to select providers that have better quality ratings (moderate-certainty evidence).
Investigators have evaluated a wide range of governance arrangements that are relevant for low-income countries using sound systematic review methods. These strategies have been targeted at different levels in health systems, and studies have assessed a range of outcomes. Moderate-certainty evidence shows desirable effects (with no undesirable effects) for some interventions. However, there are important gaps in the availability of systematic reviews and primary studies for the all of the main categories of governance arrangements.
We challenge Kruck and Weiss' argument about the regulatory security state on two counts. First, we contest the notion that the regulatory state is a viable alternative to the positive security ...state. While regulation and epistemic authority are increasingly important means of security provision, they remain critically dependent power resources and political authority that only the positive state provides. The regulatory security state is premised on the positive state and unviable without it. Second, the rise of the regulatory security state over the past three decades reflects highly specific historical conditions rather than a general trend. These conditions include unusually low geopolitical tensions in Europe and the strong regulatory bias of EU integration. Concepts matter: The wider the notion of security, the more relevant the regulatory security state becomes. It is an important reality but the war in Ukraine reminds us of the enduring centrality of the positive state.
The emergence of new media, such as social media, has provided a space for religious communities or groups to create religious narratives or religious discourses in the digital realm. Religion is ...represented in a more contemporary manner, supported by advanced information technologies, packaged, and reproduced in a more modern style. Religious discourse in the digital space has thus made religious authority fluid and complex, no longer rigid and solely held by religious institutions. This condition has given rise to what is known as online authority. Online authority, in the early studies of digital religious authority, is considered by several scholars to potentially shift the existence and legitimacy of traditional authorities that have been in existence for a longer period. Traditional authority is deemed unable to adapt to digital practices. Through a literature review approach, this paper concludes that traditional and online authority are not separate entities; traditional authority can enter and exist in the online domain with packaging, styles, and innovations that align with digital practices. Traditional authority, with its strong legitimacy, is capable of presenting itself in the online domain, being repackaged and represented in ways or styles that are in line with contemporary and modern trends.
Many authors have argued that International Public Administration can influence policy-making through their expert authority. The article compares de jure and de facto expert authority of IPAs to ...evaluate their conformity. It comparatively assesses the two kinds of authority for five important IPAs (BIS, FAO, IMF, OECD and World Bank) active in agriculture or financial policy. It shows that, on average, de jure and de facto authority seem to conform. At the same time, it demonstrates that gaps between de jure and de facto authority exist at the level of the IPAs, the policy areas and the IPAs' addressees.
Deference to scientific authority theoretically captures the belief that scientists and not publics should make decisions on science in society. Few studies examine deference, however, and none test ...this central theoretical claim. The result is deference is often conflated with concepts such as trust in scientists and belief in the authority of science. This study examines two claims key to conceptualizing deference: that deference (1) predicts anti-democratic views of decision-making and (2) relates to but is distinct from beliefs of science as authoritative knowledge. Analyzing US nationally representative data, we find deference to scientific authority does predict anti-democratic views, and this is its distinct conceptual value: trust in scientists and belief in science as authoritative knowledge strongly relate to deference, but both predict pro-democratic views, unlike deference. We discuss how these findings highlight deference as vital for understanding perceptions of science and societal decision-making and how we can better develop the concept.
Kantik Ghosh argues that one of the main reasons for Lollardy's sensational resonance for its times, and for its immediate posterity, was its exposure of fundamental problems in late medieval ...academic engagement with the Bible, its authority and its polemical uses. Examining Latin and English sources, Ghosh shows how the same debates over biblical hermeneutics and associated methodologies were from the 1380s onwards conducted both within and outside the traditional university framework, and how by eliding boundaries between Latinate biblical speculation and vernacular religiosity Lollardy changed the cultural and political positioning of both. Covering a wide range of texts - scholastic and extramural, in Latin and in English, written over half a century from Wyclif to Thomas Netter - Ghosh concludes that by the first decades of the fifteenth century Lollardy had partly won the day. Whatever its fate as a religious movement, it had successfully changed the intellectual landscape of England.
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