War and Diplomacy Yavuz, M Hakan; Sluglett, Peter
2011, 20110101
eBook
Combining different disciplinary perspectives, War and Diplomacy argues that the key events that portended the beginning of the end of the multiethnic Ottoman Empire were the The Russo-Turkish War of ...1877–1878 and the Treaty of Berlin. The essays in this volume analyze how the war and the treaty permanently transformed the political landscape both in the Balkans and in the Caucasus. The treaty marked the end of Ottoman hegemony in the Balkans by formally recognizing the independence or de facto sovereignty of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro, and the autonomy of Bulgaria.
By introducing the unitary nation-state as the new organizing concept, the treaty planted the seeds of future conflict, from the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 and the First World War to the recent civil wars and ethnic cleansing in former Yugoslavia. The magnitude of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire by Russia—and eventually by the other great powers—and the human, material, and territorial losses that followed proved fatal to the project of Muslim liberal reform and modernization that the Ottoman state had launched in the middle of the 19th century.
War and Diplomacy offers the first comparative examination of the treaty and its socio-political implications for the Balkans and the Caucasus by utilizing the theoretical tools and approaches of political science, sociology, history, and international relations. Representing the latest scholarship in the field of study, this volume documents the proceedings of a conference on the Treaty of Berlin that was held at the University of Utah in 2010. It provides an important contribution to understanding the historical background of these events.
War and Diplomacy documents the proceedings of the first of three conferences:
1878 Treaty of Berlin (in 2010)
Balkan Wars (in 2011)
World War I (in 2012)
Proceedings of the final two conferences will also be published by the University of Utah Press.
Examining two centuries of Balkan politics, from the emergence of nationalism to the retreat of Communist power in 1989, this is the first book to systematically argue that many of the region's ...problems are external in origin.
A decade of instability in the Balkan states of southeast Europe has given the region one of the worst images in world politics. The Balkans has become synonymous with chaos and extremism. Balkanization, meaning conflict arising from the fragmentation of political power, is a condition feared across the globe. This new text assesses the key issues of Balkan politics, showing how the development of exclusive nationalism has prevented the region's human and material resources from being harnessed in a constructive way.
It argues that the proximity of the Balkans to the great powers is the main reason for instability and decline. Britain, Russia, Austria-Hungary, France and finally the USA had conflicting ambitions and interests in the region. Russia had imperial designs before and after the 1917 Revolution. The Western powers sometimes tolerated these or encouraged undemocratic local forces to exercise control in order to block further Soviet expansion.
Leading authority Tom Gallagher examines the origins of these Western prejudices towards the Balkans, tracing the damaging effects of policies based on Western lethargy and cynicism, and reassesses the negative image of the region, its citizens, their leadership skills and their potential to overcome crucial problems.
This is the first volume to offer an in-depth look at (lethal) violence in the Balkans. The Balkans Homicide Study analyses 3,000 (attempted) homicide cases from Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, Macedonia, ...Romania and Slovenia. Shedding light on a region long neglected in terms of empirical violence research, the study at hand asks: - What types of homicides occur in the Balkans? - Who are the perpetrators and what motivates them? - Who are the victims and what potential protective factors are on their side? - Why do prosecutors dismiss homicide investigations? Amongst other questions and considerations, this brief discusses regional commonalities throughout the Balkans in view of their cultural,historical and normative context. Dismantling negative stereotypes of a growing and thriving Balkan society, this volume will be of interest to researchers in the Balkans, researchers of post-conflict regions, and those interested in the nature of homicide and its motivation, prevention, and various criminal justice approaches.
Kozarnika cave is a renowned prehistoric site in the Balkans, which contributes significantly to our understanding of the human past due to its rich assemblages associated with the Lower to Upper ...Palaeolithic. Various dating methods have been employed to unravel the timing of human occupations in Kozarnika. Radiocarbon dating was used to unfold the time frame for the Kozarnikian lithic tradition uncovered in the Upper Palaeolithic sequence of the cave, and palaeomagnetic dating assigned the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal to the layer beneath the Lower Palaeolithic assemblages.
In this study, we employed luminescence-dating methods, including a body of different signals to date sediment layers from the top to the bottom of the sequence covering the period of ca 30 to 700 ka. Our investigations revealed that the Kozarnikian tradition in layers 5a-c falls between 30 and 35 ka. Following that, we suggest that the Middle Palaeolithic period initiated between 250 and 309 ka and lasted until 40–53 ka. More importantly, we have updated the age of the Neanderthal radius discovered in the Mousterian assemblages to 201 ± 17 ka.
Our dating resulted in a period of ca 300–700 ka for the Lower Palaeolithic assemblages in the cave. Although this age range fits perfectly with the palaeomagnetic boundary <780 ka established for Kozarnika, the possibility of reaching the threshold of luminescence dating cannot be ruled out. Thus, at this stage, this age range may represent the minimum age for the Lower Palaeolithic.
•Multiple luminescence dating approaches to date a Lower to Upper Palaeolithic site.•Dating beyond the conventional limit of luminescence dating methods.•Complete chronology for the Palaeolithic site of Kozarnika in Bulgaria.•Violet stimulated luminescence (VSL) and infrared radiofluorescence (IR-RF).•Temporal constraining the prehistoric Human settlement in the Balkans.
Jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Psylloidea) are small phloemfeeding insects. With about 400 species distributed in Europe, the European fauna is considered well-studied. However, ...information on psyllids occurring in the eastern Balkan Peninsula is insufficient. So far, less than a hundred psyllid species are known for Bulgaria, most of which have been reported only from a few regions. Knowledge on the psyllid fauna of the Sarnena Sredna Gora Mountains in central Bulgaria is sparse and relatively old, with only a handful of recorded species. The aim of the present study is to summarise the information on Psylloidea from this region, including recently collected material kept in the zoological collection of Sofia University. A total of 17 species were found of which 7 species had been previously published and 10 species from 3 families are new to the region: Aphalara freji Burckhardt & Lauterer, 1997 (Aphalaridae), Diaphorina lycii Loginova, 1978, Arytaina maculata (Löw, 1886), Cacopsylla bidens (Šulc, 1907), Cacopsylla melanoneura (Foerster, 1848), Cacopsylla pulchra (Zetterstedt, 1838), Livilla horvathi (Scott, 1879), Psylla foersteri Flor, 1861 (all Psyllidae), Bactericera modesta (Foerster, 1848) and Trioza rotundata Flor, 1861 (Triozidae).
Despite more the 40 years of active debate, consensus interpretations of the late Palaeozoic-early Mesozoic tectonic-related geology of the northern periphery of Gondwana, including central and ...western Turkey, the south Aegean, the southern Balkans and Sicily remain elusive. Recent plate tectonic reconstructions differ drastically for this region. Utilising published information this paper summarises, interprets and discusses a large body of multidisciplinary geological evidence related to the transition from Palaeotethys to Neotethys, mainly during late Carboniferous to early Jurassic time. Key geological information is outlined, discussed, and then used to test alternative plate tectonic models: none are entirely convincing.
During the Carboniferous, the developing Varsican orogen of central Europe passed eastwards into a marine gulf, then into Palaeotethys. Plate convergence and continental collision constructed the Varsican orogen in central Europe by end-early Carboniferous (c. 320 Ma), whereas subduction continued farther east. Variscan continental collision in central and western Europe was followed by late Carboniferous-Permian orogenic collapse, extension/transtension and widespread right-lateral strike-slip displacements that are also likely to have affected the Balkan-Aegean and Anatolian regions.
In the South Aegean, the Balkans (e.g. Albania, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia) and Sicily, Permian-early Triassic basin development, including volcanism, relates to crustal extension/transtension adjacent to the northern margin of Gondwana. Palaeogeography played an important role in Permian-Triassic clastic sediment deposition (e.g. detrital zircons), in addition to plate tectonic setting.
In central and western Turkey, much evidence links the Afyon zone (Anatolides) to adjacent north Gondwana, rather than supporting an origin as an exotic Eurasian terrane that collided with the Tauride continent during latest Triassic time. Evidence from the Eurasian periphery (Bulgaria; N Turkey; Armenia; Georgia; Iran) favours overall northward subduction of Palaeotethys. However, the evidence of upper Carboniferous accretionary complexes in central and western Turkey (Konya Complex, Teke Dere Unit) and the eastern Aegean (Karaburun melange in Turkey; Chios melange in Greece), coupled with upper Carboniferous calc-alkaline granitic magmatism in the Afyon zone, suggests a short-lived southward subduction event along the N margin of Gondwana (i.e. bivergent subduction).
During the Triassic, northward subduction persisted along the Eurasian margin, whereas the opposing North Gondwana margin rifted, associated with late Triassic opening of the both the S Neotethys (=Mesogea) and the N Neotethys (=İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan ocean). Interpretations involving a Triassic relict Palaeotethys, followed by continent-continent collision in the south Aegean (e.g. Crete; Peloponnese) are problematic. Instead, pulsed continental extension appears to have culminated in rifting of ‘Cimmeria' from N Africa (Apulia) during the Triassic and opening of both the S Neotethys to the south and the Pindos ocean to the north (in present co-ordinates).
Regional plate tectonic reconstructions remain disparate because the Africa-Eurasia plate framework is poorly constrained prior to the early Jurassic, evidence is concealed beneath the sea or land, or was lost during later subduction/collision. Large-plate tectonics have limited applicability in relatively narrow oceanic areas involving microcontinents, rifts, small ocean basins and strike-slip displacements. Additional field-based studies of key exposures are a priority.
The article discusses the reflection of the features of the own — alien dichotomy in the Balkan model of the world in the xenologic pejorative vocabulary of the Balkan sprachbund languages: Albanian, ...Aromanian, Bulgarian, Modern Greek, Macedonian, Romanian and Serbo-Croatian. The author gives a brief review of the historical, cultural and geopolitical specifics of the Balkan-Carpathian region, which influenced the local peoples’ ideas about strangers; some traditional mythological beliefs of the Balkanians related to the conceptual field of otherness are also presented. Based on the analysis of the internal history of the word, an attempt is made to define the main models for constructing derogatory names for strangers in order to compare the data for various Balkan languages and, to the extent possible, build an integral image of the concept of alien in the Balkan conceptual worldview. According to the results of the study, the xenopejorative vocabulary of languages of the Balkan sprachbund shows significant similarities both in terms of form and content. Pejoratives with undifferentiated evaluativity absolutely predominate, which could account for the richness of the Balkan derivational morphology and a large number of lexical borrowings in each of the languages; pejoratives with an indication of appearance, features of language and peculiarities of behavior are also widely represented, however, the first are referentially limited, while the second and the third are universal, from which it is concluded that the prototypical Balkan alien is someone who speaks differently and behaves differently. At the same time, the most common target for pejorative vocabulary in the Balkan languages among all strangers is Roma people, which is bound both to a number of stereotyped ideas about the physical and behavioral distinctive features of this ethnic group, and to the historical isolation caused by the nomadic way of life and the closedness of the Roma community from outsiders.
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