This article examines the intensely mediated debate on the relationship between ideological affinity and political implication that followed the documenting of the ‘citational ecology’ of Breivik’s ...2083 compendium. Focusing on the recurring trope of war in counter-jihad blog posts and mainstream media comment, it argues that the invocation of ‘war’ is important beyond limiting debates on incitement and ‘moral responsibility’. Following Butler (2009), it examines this ‘frame of war’ and its poetics as the condition of counter-jihad networks and as the licence for mainstream polemics on the ‘failed experiment’ of multiculturalism.
SPUR TO VIOLENCE? Buuren, Jelle van
Nordic Journal of Migration Research,
12/2013, Letnik:
3, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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This article analyzes the conspiratorial dimensions of Breivik’s body of thought. The position is defended that conspiracy theorizing is the discursive mechanism by which the ruling political elite ...is depicted as a hostile conspiratorial actor that betrays the interests of the true people. As conspiracism also contains an operational spur to urgent, extraordinary or violent action in order to rescue civilization from destruction, it is argued that the conspiratorial dimensions of Breiviks body of thought are an important explanation for his choice to attack the governmental seat of Norway and the youth camp of the Labour Party at the island of Utøya. Finally, it is argued that the performative dimensions resulting from the ‘Casting Society’ contains the spur for individuals to expose themselves violently to the world as heroes in front of their imagined communities in order to gain notoriety. A close reading of Breivik’s manifesto seems to confirm these propositions.
The paper discusses negative individuation and the hero myth as developmental concepts. It is suggested that in negative individuation healthy psychological development is hindered and goes astray. ...Aggression then becomes the central psychic system. Repressed anger is the core element in psychopathic narcissism (Diamond) and malignant narcissism (Kernberg). Both Diamond and Kernberg extend narcissistic personality structure to antisocial, psychopathic personality in an effort to better understand extreme violence. According to Freud, love (libido) and hate (the death drive) are the major motivational systems in the human psyche. In contrast to Freud, Jung sees libido as a life force in general, not simply as a sexual drive. Jung writes about evil and the shadow but does not present a comprehensive theory of the negative development of an individual's life. The concept of negative individuation connects the shadow and the death drive with psychopathology, psychiatry and psychotherapy. In this paper, I explore these concepts in the light of contemporary affect theory according to Kernberg. I also ask how ideology is tied to extreme violence and how it is possible that narcissistic personality structures can lead to such radically different outcomes as were manifested in the lives of Anders Behring Breivik and Steve Jobs.
Translations of
L ‘article traite de l'individuation négative et du mythe du héros en tant que concepts de développement. J'y propose que, dans l'individuation négative, le développement psychologique sain est entravé et devient déviant. L'agressivité devient alors le mécanisme psychique central. La colère réprimée est l'élément essentiel du narcissisme psychopathique (Diamond) et du narcissisme pervers (Kernberg). Diamond et Kernberg étendent tous deux la structure des personnalités narcissiques aux personnalités antisociales, psychopathiques, afin de mieux comprendre la violence extrême. Selon Freud, l'amour (libido) et la haine (la pulsion de mort) sont les systèmes les plus motivants de la psyché humaine. A l'opposé de Freud, Jung considère la libido comme une force vitale en général, pas seulement une pulsion sexuelle. Jung écrit sur le mal et l'ombre, mais ne propose pas de théorie complète du développement négatif de la vie d'un individu. Le concept d'individuation négative relie l'ombre et la pulsion de mort avec la psychopathologie, la psychiatrie et la psychothérapie. Dans cet article, je revisite ces concepts à la lumière de l'actuelle théorie de l'affect de Kernberg. Je me demande aussi comment l'idéologie est liée à la violence extrême et comment il est possible que la structure des personnalités narcissiques puisse mener à des effets aussi radicalement différents, tels qu'on l'a vu dans les vies de Anders Behring Breivik et de Steve Jobs.
Der Beitrag diskutiert negative Individuation und den Heldenmythos als Entwicklungskonzepte. Es wird davon ausgegangen, daß in einer negativen Individuation gesunde psychologische Entwicklung gehemmt wird und verloren geht. Sodann wird Aggression zum zentralen psychischen System. Unterdrückte Wut ist das Kernelement des psychopathischen Narzißmus (Diamond) und des malignen Narzißmus (Kernberg). Beide, Diamond und Kernberg, erweitern das Konzept der narzißtischen Persönlichkeitsstrukturen auf antisoziale und psychopathische Persönlichkeiten im Bestreben um ein besseres Verständnis extremer Gewalttätigkeit. Nach Freud stellen Liebe (Libido) und Haß (Todestrieb) die Hauptmotivationssysteme der menschlichen Seele dar. Im Gegensatz zu Freud sieht Jung in der Libido eine generelle Lebensenergie, nicht nur einen sexuellen Trieb. Jung schreibt über das Böse und den Schatten, bietet aber keine umfassende Theorie der negativen Entwicklung im Leben des Einzelnen. Das Konzept der negativen Individuation verbindet den Schatten und den Todestrieb mit Psychopathologie, Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie. In diesem Artikel untersuche ich diese Konzepte im Lichte der gegenwärtigen Affekttheorie nach Kernberg. Desweiteren frage ich, wie Ideologie an extreme Gewalttätigkeit gebunden ist und wie es möglich ist, daß narzißtische Persönlichkeitsstrukturen zu so radikal unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen führen können, wie sie sich in den Leben von Anders Behring Breivik und Steve Jobs manifestierten.
In questo lavoro vengono discussi l'individuazione negativa e il mito dell'eroe come concetti evolutivi. Si ipotizza che nella individuazione negativa lo sviluppo psicologico sano viene nascosto e si smarrisce. Quindi l'aggressione diviene il sistema psichico centrale. La rabbia repressa è l'elemento centrale del narcisismo psicopatico (Diamond) e del narcisismo maligno (Kernberg). Sia Diamond che Kernberg, nello sforzo di comprenderne meglio l'estrema violenza, associano la struttura di personalità narcisistica alla personalità antisociale e psicopatica. Secondo Freud l'amore (la libido) e l'odio ( la pulsione di morte) sono i maggiori sistemi motivazionali nella psiche umana. Contrariamente a Freud, Jung vede la libido come una forza vitale in generale, non semplicemente come una pulsione sessuale. Jung parla del male e dell'ombra, ma non fornisce una teoria comprensiva di uno sviluppo negativo nella vita di un individuo. Il concetto di individuazione negativa connette l'ombra e la pulsione di morte con la psicopatia, la psichiatria e la psicoterapia. In questo lavoro esamino tali concetti alla luce dell'attuale teoria degli affetti secondo Kernberg. Mi domando inoltre in quale modo l'ideologia si leghi alla violenza estrema e come sia possibile che le strutture di personalità narcisistiche possano portare a risultati radicalmente diversi come si sono manifestati nelle vite di Anders Behring Breivik a Steve Jobs.
Статья описывает негативную индивидуацию и героический миф как концепцию развития. Предполагается, что в негативной индивидуации здоровое психологическое развитие затруднено и сбивается с пути. Вследствие чего агрессия становится центральной психической системой. Вытесненный гнев является ядерным элементом психопатического нарциссизма (Даймонд) и злокачественного нарциссизма (Кернберг). И Даймонд, и Кернберг распространяют нарциссическую личностную структуру до антисоциальной, психопатической личности в попытках понять крайнюю жестокость. По Фрейду любовь (либидо) и ненависть (инстинкт смерти) являются ведущими мотивационными системами в психике человека. В отличие от Фрейда Юнг видит либидо как жизненную силу в целом, а не просто как сексуальный драйв. Юнг пишет о зле и тени, но не дает полнообъемной теории негативного развития человеческой жизни. Концепция негативной индивидуации соединяет тень и инстинкт смерти с психопатологией, психиатрией и психотерапией. В этой статье автор исследует эти концепции в свете современной теории аффектов по Кернбергу. Автор также задается вопросом о том, как идеология связана с крайней жестокостью и как могут нарциссические личностные структуры привести к таким разным жизненным проявлениям, как в судьбах Андерса Беринга Бревика и Стива Джобса.
En este trabajo se discute la individuaciónnegativa y el mito del héroe como concepto de desarrollo. Se sugiere que en la individuación negativa el desarrollo psicológico saludable se ve obstaculizado y se pierde. La agresión se convierte entonces en el sistema psíquico central. La ira reprimida es el elemento básico de narcisismo psicópatico (Diamond) y del narcisismo maligno (Kernberg). Tanto Diamond y Kernberg amplian la estructura narcisista de la personalidad antisocial de personalidad psicopática, en un esfuerzo por entender mejor violencia extrema. Según Freud, el amor (libido) y el odio (la pulsión de muerte) son los principales sistemas motivacionales en la psique humana. A diferencia de Freud, Jung ve la libido como una fuerza de vida en general, y no únicamente como un impulso sexual. Jung escribe sobre la maldad y la sombra pero no presente una teoría general de la evolución negativa de la vida del individuo. El concepto de individuación negativo conecta la sombra y la pulsión de muerte con la psicopatología, la psiquiatría y la psicoterapia. En este documento, se exploran estos conceptos a la luz de la teoría de los afectos de acuerdo a Kernberg. Me pregunto así mosmo cómo la ideología puede estar vinculada a la violencia extrema y cómo es posible que las estructuras narcisista de la personalidad puede conducir a resultados radicalmente diferentes, como se manifiestan en la vida de Anders Behring Breivik y Steve Jobs.
DANISH MEDIA COVERAGE OF 22/7 Hervik, Peter; Boisen, Sophie
Nordic Journal of Migration Research,
12/2013, Letnik:
3, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
When the two terrorist attacks in Norway took place and the identity of terrorist, Anders Behring Breivik (ABB) was revealed, attention turned to his network relations and shared ideas with Danish ...radical right wing communities, including the Danish People’s Party. In this article, we focus on ABB’s Danish connections through an analysis of the first 100 days of Danish media coverage. We scrutinised 188 articles in the largest daily newspapers to find out how Danish actors related to ABB’s ideas. The key argument is that the discourses and opinions reflect pre-existing opinions and entrenched positions that have little to do with the event 22/7. Instead, they have everything to do with an attempt to contain domestic adversaries, if not enemies, such as “multiculturalists” and feminists, who were fiercely attacked by rightwingers, while left-wingers saw the radical right wing as the real enemy. At the same time, animosity towards Islam was reproduced leaving the enemy as being a multi-headed monster of Islamists, multiculturalists and feminists
On July 22, 2011, Anders Breivik detonated a bomb in Oslo and massacred dozens of teenagers at a Labour Party Youth camp on the island of Utøya. Nearly all the media coverage of Breivik focused on ...the conservative political views outlined in his Manifesto. The week of the massacre,
The New York Times
ran a series of editorials which identified Breivik as a part of the counterjihad movement represented by Pete King, Bruce Bawer, Geert Wilders, Newt Gingrich, and Robert Spencer. In Norway, the Norwegian media was quick to blame Siv Jensen of the conservative Progress Party for creating the “climate of hate” which produced Breivik. In the wake of the murders, prominent Norwegian intellectuals began calling for a rejection of American “free speech absolutism” in favor of vigorously enforcing an “anti-racism” clause in Norway’s penal code which criminalizes threatening or insulting speech, or speech that incites contempt for anyone because of his or her skin color, religion, or sexual orientation. However, this would contribute little to public safety in Norway; instead it would stifle the kind of vigorous debate about social issues that one would expect to find in an open society. It would also demoralize moderate Muslims who are working to promote free speech and democratic pluralism in Muslim-majority countries.
Against the background of the trial of Anders Behring Breivik for the terrorist mass murder of seventy-seven people in Norway in July 2011, this article examines the perpetrator's rhetoric in ...relation to 'multiculturalism'. The material is gathered from a right-wing, Islam-critical website document.no, to which he was a frequent contributor. In addition, the article addresses material from the post-22 July media debate about multiculturalism in the Norwegian national press during the first 100 days. The analysis is thus linked closely to Norway's recent experiences with extremist terror. The theoretical foundation leans on recent discussions of 'multiculturalism' and other minority perspectives, but also on Sartre's work on the Jewish experience in France and his exploration of French diversity during with the Second World War.
Wow, this is the only word Tonje Brenna heard Anders Behring Breivik utter as he methodically killed sixty-nine of her fellow Norwegian Labor Party activists on the island of Utoya last summer. ...Brenna, the twenty-four-year-old secretary general of the Labor Party's Youth League, sat remarkably composed as she recalled every grisly detail of the massacre, which began around 5 PM on July 22nd. Ninety minutes before Breivik began his shooting rampage on the island, he had detonated a massive car in central Oslo's government district. That blast killed eight people, ultimately bringing the day's death count to seventy-seven. The massacre last July was undoubtedly the most traumatic event to shake Norway since World War II, and this Scandinavian country of some five million people has been riveted by the trial's daily developments. Screaming with pleasure as he executed dozens of teenage political activists for what he considered their complicity in surrendering Norway to "multicultural hell" is not the only evidence of Breivik's insanity.
After the double attack in Norway on July 22, 2011, committed by Anders Behring Breivik, terrorism in Europe is facing a new threat. This article points out that Breivik's ideological novelty is not ...relevant, except for updating past dangers. However, his operational novelty itself must be highlighted for both demonstrating the possibility of "lone wolves" in Europe and showing how every citizen could act to cause a high damage. The article concludes advancing a new paradigm, which can consist in terrorists which are politically motivated by unachievable goals, to promote groups that are extremely abstract or non-existent. That paradigm shows a kind of terrorist with a powerful ideological shield, without capacity of mobilization but with outstanding levels of destruction. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
After the double attack in Norway on July 22, 2011, committed by Anders Behring Breivik, terrorism in Europe is facing a new threat. This article points out that Breivik's ideological novelty is not ...relevant, except for updating past dangers. However, his operational novelty itself must be highlighted for both demonstrating the possibility of "lone wolves" in Europe and showing how every citizen could act to cause a high damage. The article concludes advancing a new paradigm, which can consist in terrorists which are politically motivated by unachievable goals, to promote groups that are extremely abstract or non-existent. That paradigm shows a kind of terrorist with a powerful ideological shield, without capacity of mobilization but with outstanding levels of destruction. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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