•The paper provides a discussion of the application of fracture mechanics to the fatigue of weldments.•Special emphasis is given to the total fatigue life and fatigue strength.•The basic requirements ...for such an application are highlighted and applied to the field of weldments.•A connection to the existing FAT class concept is presented.
The application of fracture mechanics to the determination of the fatigue behavior of weldments is discussed with the focus on classic fatigue, i.e., the overall fatigue life and the fatigue strength in terms of an S-N curve and the endurance limit. The following issues are addressed: specific features of short fatigue crack propagation, an adequate initial crack size, multiple crack propagation and its statistical treatment as well as welding residual stresses. As an example, an approach of the authors is applied to the determination of FAT classes for a butt weld with varying weld toe geometry.
This article discusses some alternative or critical theoretical contributions regarding globalization and labor. The main question in this discussion is if there are changes in direction of a ...possible revitalization of labor movements and if international solidarity can increase due to globalization. This question also relates to discussions of changes in division of work, the concept of work, working class, commodification, decommodification, and new centers of global production—all related to different paradigms or new concepts. The reason or need for reconceptualizing comes from the great transformation of capitalism in forms of neoliberal globalization, in a different direction than predicted by Polanyi. That is, instead of increased public sector decommodification (not profit- or market-oriented production) and national regulation, embedding capitalist markets, as seen after 1945, the last three decades have witnessed a countertransformation and large-scale recommodification by privatizing, disembedding, and deregulating global markets. As a consequence, inequality in income and working life conditions has increased in most countries and been used to press trade unions. Western industrial unions have been declining as many industries and labor-intensive, low-paid jobs moved to developing countries. Most blue-collar jobs are now in Asia, especially China, with about one-third of its employment blue collars. Is the center of global capital-labor contradictions and dynamics moving to the South, with a possibility of a new revitalization of labor and international solidarity? We discuss different optimistic and pessimistic views on a possible international revitalization of labor.
Este artigo apresenta uma discussão historiográfica sobre o conceito de classe trabalhadora levando em conta as diversas experiências históricas desde o século XIX. A questão a ser enfocada nas ...páginas seguintes é como podemos visualizar um novo conceito da classe trabalhadora levando em conta as contribuições oferecidas por Breman, Gooptu, Linebaugh e outros. A fim de encontrar uma resposta a essa questão, o artigo realiza uma crítica construtiva do conceito de classe trabalhadora em Marx.This article presents an historiographical discussion about the working class concept, dealing with the historical experiences since XIX century . The question addressed in the following pages is what a new concept of the working class might look like that would take into account the insights offered by Breman, Gooptu, Linebaugh and others. In order to find an answer to this question, it starts off with a constructive critique of Marx' concept of the working class.
This article presents the findings from a 2-year study to evaluate the impact of an elite private college education on five mature, returning students (Adas). The subjects of the study were enrolled ...in Smith College's Ada Comstock Program, a program that draws exceptional female students from community colleges across the country and supports them through scholarships in the completion of a 4-year degree. Using open-ended interviews and participant observation, the study seeks to understand in what ways the economically privileged and intellectual environment of Smith College influences the personal ambitions and career goals of individuals who have lived a good part of their lives in vastly different economic and cultural circumstances. The study finds that most participants evolve counter to expectation, choosing to define success, not in terms of social mobility, but rather in terms of capacity to render service. In this sense, the participants in the study come to embody the Jeffersonian ideal for the "gifted poor," using their scholarship-assisted education to become social change agents and advocates for the disenfranchised.
Family or Individual? Seiyama, Kazuo
Kazoku shakaigaku kenkyu,
01/1996, Letnik:
8, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Theoretical development in class and stratification research has been stagnant. One reason for this is the decline of class-related political issues and a reduction in class differences in various ...aspects. Another, possibly more important, reason seems to be the expansion of female labor participation. The noticiable emergence of double-income families raises the question of unit of class or stratification : i.e. Is it the family or individuals that constitute the class or stratification? At first glance, the individualistic solution appears to be more appropriate, but this solution entails new difficulties. It leaves out the many non-working housewives who make up more than one third of married women. The problem is not only one of famale class location. The SSM research data show that the husband' s class identification is also affected by the spouse' s occupation as is the wife' s. This means that the traditional collectivistic conceptualization of class or stratification is also questionable. To date, the issue of 'family or individuals' has presupposed that the class concept should satisfy the following conditions : i.e. uniqueness of concept, generality, consistency, uniqueness of individual' s class location, stability, and fundamentality. The contemporary family and female working conditions, however, would seem to imply that the traditional conditions of class concept must be abandoned.
This is a study of a case of transcortical sensory aphasia whose difficulty in auditory word-meaning comprehension was more remarkable for hyperonymes (e. g., insect, bird) than object names (e. g., ...butterfly, crane). He also showed severe impairment on a test requiring categorization of objects according to superordinate concepts (e. g., insect, bird). On the other hand, he performed fairly well on a test requiring categorization of geometric figures according to attributes such as color and form. This finding suggests that his difficulty in object categorization did not result from his inability to categorize something. Moreover, a case of anomic aphasia with impairment of word-finding of hyperonymes could categorize objects according to superordinate concepts. Therefore, our patient's difficulty in object categorization was thought to result not from his word-finding difficulty either. From these findings, superordinate concepts (class concepts) of our patient were thought to be disturbed.
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