The ATG8 family proteins are critical players in autophagy, a cytoprotective process that mediates degradation of cytosolic cargo. During autophagy, ATG8s conjugate to autophagosome membranes to ...facilitate cargo recruitment, autophagosome biogenesis, transport, and fusion with lysosomes, for cargo degradation. In addition to these canonical functions, recent reports demonstrate that ATG8s are also delivered to single-membrane organelles, which leads to highly divergent degradative or secretory fates, vesicle maturation, and cargo specification. The association of ATG8s with different vesicles involves complex regulatory mechanisms still to be fully elucidated. Whether individual ATG8 family members play unique canonical or non-canonical roles, also remains unclear. This review summarizes the many open molecular questions regarding ATG8s that are only beginning to be unraveled.
Macroautophagy is a conserved cytoprotective process, that facilitates the degradation of damaged or unwanted cellular components and pathogens, collectively termed cargo.ATG8 proteins play key functions during macroautophagy, upon conjugation to double-membrane vesicles, termed autophagosomes, which sequester cargo for lysosomal degradation.In addition to their canonical functions in macroautophagy, ATG8s also function in non-canonical pathways that do not involve autophagosome formation, and in such cases, ATG8s can be targeted to single-membrane vesicles with roles in divergent processes including cargo degradation and secretion.The canonical and non-canonical functions of ATG8 proteins are regulated, at least in part, by the autophagy conjugation machinery, and possibly the unique interactome that ATG8s have at distinct cellular locations.
In this paper, we introduce a new large-scale dataset of ships, called SeaShips, which is designed for training and evaluating ship object detection algorithms. The dataset currently consists of 31 ...455 images and covers six common ship types (ore carrier, bulk cargo carrier, general cargo ship, container ship, fishing boat, and passenger ship). All of the images are from about 10 080 real-world video segments, which are acquired by the monitoring cameras in a deployed coastline video surveillance system. They are carefully selected to mostly cover all possible imaging variations, for example, different scales, hull parts, illumination, viewpoints, backgrounds, and occlusions. All images are annotated with ship-type labels and high-precision bounding boxes. Based on the SeaShips dataset, we present the performance of three detectors as a baseline to do the following: 1) elementarily summarize the difficulties of the dataset for ship detection; 2) show detection results for researchers using the dataset; and 3) make a comparison to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the baseline algorithms. In practice, the SeaShips dataset would hopefully advance research and applications on ship detection.
Over the past decades, lipid‐based nanoparticle drug delivery systems (DDS) have caught the attention of researchers worldwide, encouraging the field to rapidly develop improved ways for effective ...drug delivery. One of the most prominent examples is liposomes, which are spherical shaped artificial vesicles composed of lipid bilayers and able to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials. At the same time, biological nanoparticles naturally secreted by cells, called extracellular vesicles (EVs), have emerged as promising more complex biocompatible DDS. In this review paper, the differences and similarities in the composition of both vesicles are evaluated, and critical mediators that affect their pharmacokinetics are elucidate. Different strategies that have been assessed to tweak the pharmacokinetics of both liposomes and EVs are explored, detailing the effects on circulation time, targeting capacity, and cytoplasmic delivery of therapeutic cargo. Finally, whether a hybrid system, consisting of a combination of only the critical constituents of both vesicles, could offer the best of both worlds is discussed. Through these topics, novel leads for further research are provided and, more importantly, gain insight in what the liposome field and the EV field can learn from each other.
Liposomes are one of the most prominent examples of a drug delivery system. The last decade has seen the arrival of a new kid on the block: Extracellular vesicles. This review compares the use of these lipid‐based nanocarriers. Composition and potential for engineering are compared. Also, differences and similarities in pharmacokinetic properties, such as cellular uptake and biodistribution are highlighted.
Nature presents intriguing biological swimmers with innate energy harvesting abilities from their local environments. Use of natural swimmers as cargo delivery agents presents an alternative strategy ...to transport therapeutics inside the body to locations otherwise difficult to access by traditional delivery strategies. Herein, a biocompatible biohybrid microswimmer powered by a unicellular freshwater green microalga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, is reported. Polyelectrolyte‐functionalized magnetic spherical cargoes (1 µm in diameter) are attached to surface of the microalgae via noncovalent interactions without the requirement for any chemical reaction. The 3D swimming motility of the constructed biohybrid algal microswimmers is characterized in the presence and absence of a uniform magnetic fields. In addition, motility of both microalgae and biohybrid algal microswimmers is investigated in various physiologically relevant conditions, including cell culture medium, human tubal fluid, plasma, and blood. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the algal microswimmers are cytocompatible when co‐cultured with healthy and cancerous cells. Finally, fluorescent isothiocyanate‐dextran (a water‐soluble polysaccharide) molecules are effectively delivered to mammalian cells using the biohybrid algal microswimmers as a proof‐of‐concept active cargo delivery demonstration. The microswimmer design described here presents a new class of biohybrid microswimmers with greater biocompatibility and motility for targeted delivery applications in medicine.
Highly motile Chlamydomonas reinhardtii powered biohybrid microswimmers, controlled by uniform magnetic fields, preserve their motility and viability in physiologically relevant conditions, including human tubal fluid and blood, without causing cytotoxicity, and deliver cargos into cells. Usage of microalgae in biohybrid microswimmer designs is expected to establish the groundwork for the next generation of biocompatible microswimmers toward delivery applications in medicine.
Activities of logistics operators in providing global supply chains are becoming increasingly relevant, theoretically and practically significant. The purpose of the study was to determine the types ...of costs of a logistics operator in the delivery of special categories of cargoes and to identify the preconditions for their optimization. In solving the tasks, the authors used the abstract-logical method, methods of generalization, system and statistical analysis, and expert assessments. A critical analysis of scientific researches on the development of Industry 4.0 and the formation of a logistics operator 4.0, the multimodal interaction features, the development of various logistics systems on certain modes of transport and in cities was carried out. The main results of the study were to determine the principles of emergence, structuring and establishing ways to optimize the delivery cost of various categories of special cargo. The results of the study will be relevant for logistics operators, airlines, airports, freight forwarders, and other participants of transport and logistics markets, as well as scholars.
The current research is focused on the identification of cargo containers in a stack from their images in the infrared and visible spectra, in order to locate the container-origin of ignition within ...the cargo temperature control and fire safety system. The relevance of the topic is reinforced by the functional requirements for shipboard safety, which are embodied in Chapter II-2 of the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention, and demanded by the necessity of enhancing safety measures during cargo transportation by the world container fleet. The thermal imager’s field of view (FOV) and the coordinate dependencies between the object and its image have been studied and modelled, and an algorithm for fire detection has been defined within the scope of the current research in connection with the containers within the camera’s FOV. A corresponding verification has been carried out by means of simulation modelling using the Unity and C# programming language capabilities.
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•A novel tilt sensor based on annular liquid-solid interfacing triboelectric nanogenerator is proposed.•Studies on electrode width and liquid type are conducted to reasonably design ...the TENG tilt sensor structure and improve its sensitivity.•The TENG tilt sensor can work well under harsh conditions and scaveng energy from the movement of water inside the PTFE tube.•The TENG tilt sensor has practical significance for providing reliable and persistance information for smart ships.
Ship's attitude information is of great significance for navigation safety, cargo handling monitoring, and operation management. It is highly desired to develop an electromechanical integrated tilt sensor which can work well under harsh environment. In this paper, a robust and self-powered tilt sensor based on annular liquid-solid interfacing triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is to be proposed and systematically investigated. The TENG tilt sensor is composed of an annular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tube with copper electrodes segment disposed on the surface and the internal liquid which is encapsulated in PTFE tube with no air bubble. Studies on electrode width and liquid type are conducted to reasonably design the TENG sensor structure and improve its sensitivity. By conducting the durability test, the TENG tilt sensor demonstrates stable output performance and high sensitivity characteristics in low-frequency and low-amplitude inclination conditions. Moreover, the TENG tilt sensor hardly fails due to parts wear since there are no moving parts in it. The advantage of durability, maintenance-free, and independent with the external environment are highlighted in a harsh environment with high humidity, high salinity and strong magnetic field. Therefore, the present TENG tilt sensor is of practical significance for improving the automation and intelligence of ships.
Empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests Brazilian ports are running short in operational capacity for cargo handling and shipping movements. This paper focuses on the joint use of Fuzzy Logic (FL) ...reasoning and Social Network Analysis (SNA) to assess the cargo allocation pattern in Brazilian ports while shedding some light on policy-making directions and future research venues. Results suggest that cargo allocation patterns vary depending on the cargo type and product type. One can also infer that shippers prioritize distance in relation to other port allocation criteria. In the case of containerized cargo, this may be due to its higher value added compared to bulk cargo. Sensitivity analyses are also performed on the weights of port allocation criteria to explore opportunities for cargo relocation among ports in Brazil.
•This paper explores the cargo allocation patterns of Brazilian ports.•A novel approach combining social network analysis and fuzzy logic is developed.•The whole sample of cargo types and ports for 2014 was considered.•Social networks are used to map specifics of cargo allocation for different product types.•Results suggest how cargo could be relocated among Brazilian ports.
Alien species, one of the biggest threats to natural ecosystems worldwide, are of particular concern for oceanic archipelagos such as Galápagos. To enable more effective management of alien species, ...we reviewed, collated and analysed all available records of alien species for Galápagos. We also assembled a comprehensive dataset on pathways to and among the Galápagos Islands, including tourist and resident numbers, tourist vessels, their itineraries and visitation sites, aircraft capacity and occupancy, air and sea cargo and biosecurity interceptions. So far, 1,579 alien terrestrial and marine species have been introduced to Galápagos by humans. Of these, 1,476 have become established. Almost half of these were intentional introductions, mostly of plants. Most unintentional introductions arrived on plants and plant associated material, followed by transport vehicles, and commodities (in particular fruit and vegetables). The number, frequency and geographic origin of pathways for the arrival and dispersal of alien species to and within Galápagos have increased over time, tracking closely the increase in human population (residents and tourists) on the islands. Intentional introductions of alien species should decline as biosecurity is strengthened but there is a danger that unintentional introductions will increase further as tourism on Galápagos expands. This unique world heritage site will only retain its biodiversity values if the pathways for invasion are managed effectively.
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