A comparative investigation into the revolution in private law in the era of human rights
Scotland and South Africa are mixed jurisdictions, combining features of common law and civil law traditions. ...Over the last decade, a shared feature in both Scotland and South Africa has been a new and intense focus on human rights.
In Scotland, the European Convention on Human Rights now constitutes an important element in the foundation of all domestic law. Similarly, the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, adopted in 1996, has a Bill of Rights as its cornerstone. This binds the legislature, the executive, the judiciary and all organs of state - and also private parties.
In some ways, the Scottish and South African experience could not be more dissimilar, and the 'constitutional moments' from which these documents sprang were very different. At the same time, the parallels are close and compelling. This book, written by experts from both jurisdictions, examines exactly how human-rights provisions influence private law, looking at all branches of the subject. Moreover, it gives a unique perspective by comparing the approach in these kindred legal systems, providing a benchmark for both.
In recent years, the law has observed an increasing number of access conflicts in purely private law contexts. Based on the BVerfG's stadium ban decision, this study shows that the institute of the ...contract plays a central role in this context. By combining a multilateral perspective and insights from differentiation theory, it is argued that the contract fulfills an inclusion function in modern society. In particular, the general principle of equality is highly responsive to mediate social inclusion conflicts in law. The thesis sees in the participation dimension the convincing connecting factor to justify its effect in private law. The work was awarded the 'Preis der Stadt Bayreuth‘ and the ‚Carl-Gareis-Preis‘ of the University of Bayreuth.
Neue Technologien werfen neue rechtliche Fragen auf. Sie regen aber auch dazu an, alte Fragen neu zu denken. Inspiriert durch die aktuelle Diskussion um die Haftung für Systeme der Künstlichen ...Intelligenz, denen - ähnlich wie Menschen und Tieren - eine gewisse "Autonomie" zugeschrieben wird, erörtert Ann-Kristin Mayrhofer die Thematik der Haftung für fremde Autonomie. Sie vergleicht dabei die außervertragliche Haftung von Geschäftsherren und Tierhaltern mit der Haftung von Herstellern und Nutzern von "technischen Agenten" de lege lata. Ausgehend davon macht die Autorin Vorschläge für eine Weiterentwicklung des Haftungsrechts de lege ferenda. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf dem Umgang mit den Risiken der Geschädigten, Schadensersatzansprüche nicht durchsetzen zu können, wobei insbesondere Beweisschwierigkeiten in den Blick genommen werden.
Neue Technologien werfen neue rechtliche Fragen auf. Sie regen aber auch dazu an, alte Fragen neu zu denken. Inspiriert durch die aktuelle Diskussion um die Haftung für Systeme der Künstlichen Intelligenz, denen - ähnlich wie Menschen und Tieren - eine gewisse "Autonomie" zugeschrieben wird, erörtert Ann-Kristin Mayrhofer die Thematik der Haftung für fremde Autonomie. Sie vergleicht dabei die außervertragliche Haftung von Geschäftsherren und Tierhaltern mit der Haftung von Herstellern und Nutzern von "technischen Agenten" de lege lata. Ausgehend davon macht die Autorin Vorschläge für eine Weiterentwicklung des Haftungsrechts de lege ferenda. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf dem Umgang mit den Risiken der Geschädigten, Schadensersatzansprüche nicht durchsetzen zu können, wobei insbesondere Beweisschwierigkeiten in den Blick genommen werden.
Generalklauseln wie Treu und Glauben oder die Guten Sitten werden in der gegenwärtigen Privatrechtsdiskussion meist unter dem Aspekt ihrer näheren Konkretisierung behandelt, die ausgehend von den ...Grundsätzen der hergebrachten juristischen Methodenlehre auf die Ableitung präziserer, unmittelbar anwendbarer Rechtssätze gerichtet ist. Marietta Auer hinterfragt diesen Anspruch kritisch und zeigt, daß die Problematik der Generalklauseln nur von einem der herkömmlichen Methodenlehre übergeordneten rechtstheoretischen Blickwinkel, der die zwischen den Grundwertungen des Privatrechtsdenkens bestehenden Antinomien in ihrem historisch wandelbaren Spannungsverhältnis in den Mittelpunkt stellt, angemessen erfaßt werden kann. Auf dieser Grundlage erweist sich die Entwicklung der Generalklauseln während des 20. Jahrhunderts sowohl im deutschen als auch im amerikanischen Recht als Ausdruck der das gesamte Privatrechtsdenken prägenden Grundkonflikte zwischen Individualismus und Kollektivismus, Rechtssicherheit und Einzelfallgerechtigkeit sowie zwischen Richterbindung und Richterfreiheit, von deren Berücksichtigung damit auch jede theoretische Behandlung der Generalklauselproblematik auszugehen hat. Ziel der Untersuchung ist damit ein Paradigmenwechsel in der Privatrechtstheorie, der über die Problematik der Generalklauseln hinaus von Bedeutung ist.
The presented work is devoted to the study and disclosure of the essence of litigation investment as a tool to overcome financial barriers to access to justice, as well as to the consideration of the ...possibilities and ways of implementing this institution in Ukraine. Litigation investment is proposed to be considered as a mechanism in which one party (investor), which is not the subject of disputed legal relations, assumes the burden of full or partial coverage of the legal costs of a person – a participant in the dispute (recipient), who is not able to pay them on his own and, in case of resolution court case in favor of such a person, is entitled to a financial reward. Based on an analysis of the experience of other countries that have introduced litigation financing tools, a review of the most common models and schemes of litigation investment has been carried out. Based on the results of the study, the point of view was expressed that the introduction of the institution of litigation investment in Ukraine has its own prospects, however, it requires the preparation of an appropriate legal ground, both at the level of substantive and procedural law. In particular, it is considered necessary to legislate in the civil legislation the construction of a separate contract - an agreement on the financing of legal costs. Along with this, it is noted that it is necessary to reform the procedural legislation, at least in the following directions: 1) provision in procedural codes for the possibility of financing court costs by a third, uninterested party; 2) fixing the structures of “success fee” and “conditional fee”; 3) introduction of the class action structure.
My dissertation deals with the topic of co-ownership rights and obligations following the restitution of forests in Romania. The aim of the dissertation is to compare the Hungarian civil law before ...1918 and the current Romanian civil law regulations in force in Transylvania before 1945, by attempting to find a solution to specific legal issues. I made the comparison on the basis of the work of Dr Bálint Kolosváry, a professor of law, who was a professor at the University of Law in Cluj-Napoca and then at the University of Pécs until 1921. For my research and to achieve my goal, I used the comparative method, literature review, and the method of studying legal cases. The focus of my case study is on a specific legal case, which I will summarize in my dissertation in the section dedicated to the details relevant to the subject of the analysis. In the course of my research, I came to the conclusion that according to the current legislation, a minority co-owner is in a more favourable position compared to Hungarian private law rules that were once in force.
In my opinion, third-party liability insurance contracts could be an appropriate device in the future to replace the damaged reputation of shared capital described in the Hungarian Civil Code. Of ...course, in the future, it would be necessary to modify the rules of credit practices and creditworthiness assessments. I take the view that in order to make damage statistics more accurate and new insurance products more independent, this new insurance product called third-party liability insurance for share capital should be separated in the function of insurers by way of modifying the Hungarian Insurance Code. The above-mentioned ideas are at the moment theoretical, thought-provoking and conversation-generating ideas only, and the detailed new rules and norms should be established and codified following further research.
